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Ban-Lan-Gen granules brɛ dextran sodium sulfate a ɛma akisikuru a enni sabea ba mprako mu ase denam awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete a ɛsakra na ɛsan de SCFA Derived-GLP-1 a wɔyɛ wɔ dwensɔtwaa mu ba no so
Jiao Peng,1-3,*Li Xi,4,*Zheng Lin,3,5 Duan Lifang,1 Gao Zhengxian,2,5 Diehu,1 Li Jie,6 Li Xiaofeng,6 Shen Xiangchun,5 Xiao Haitao21Peking Sukuupɔn Shenzhen Ayaresabea Nnuruyɛ Dwumadibea, Shenzhen, China Ɔmanfo 2Shenzhen Sukuupɔn Akwahosan Nyansahu Asoɛe Nnuruyɛ Sukuu, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China; 3Guizhou Aduruyɛ Sukuupɔn Mfiridwuma Mfiridwuma Nhwehwɛmu Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Mmusuakuw Nnuruyɛ ne Chinafo Amammerɛ Nnuruyɛ Nkɔso ne Nea Wɔde Di Dwuma Nhomasua Dwumadibea, Guizhou Mantam Nnuruyɛbea Titiriw, Guizhou Aduruyɛ Sukuupɔn , Guiyang, People’s Republic of China; 4 Yafunu mu Nyarewa Dwumadibea, Peking Sukuupɔn Shenzhen Ayaresabea, Shenzhen, China Ɔmanfo; 5 Nnuruyɛ Sukuu, Guizhou Aduruyɛ Sukuupɔn, Ɔman Titiriw Nhwehwɛmubea a Ɛhwɛ Nnuru Afifide Dwumadi ne Nea Wɔde Di Dwuma So, Guiyang; 6 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China [email protected] Shen Xiangchun, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China, 550004, Email [email protected] Botae: Ayaresa a egyina GLP-1 so yɛ ayaresa foforo a wɔde sa dwensɔtwaa mu yare a ɛyɛ hyew.Ban-Lan-Gen (BLG) granules yɛ TCM aduru a wonim sɛ ɛko tia ɔyare mmoawa a ɛda tumi a ɛko tia ɔyare mmoawa adi wɔ ɔhyew tebea ahorow a wɔsa mu.Nanso, ne tumi a ɛko tia ɔyare mmoawa wɔ akisikuru so ne ɔkwan a ɔfa so yɛ adwuma no da so ara mu nna hɔ.AKWAN: Sɛ wɔde dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced chronic relapsing colitis in mice.Disease activity indices, histological markers of opira, ne proinflammatory cytokine dodow yɛɛ de hwɛɛ ahobammɔ tumi a BLG.Nsunsuanso a BLG nya wɔ gut microbiota ne gut no, serum GLP-1 dodow ne colonic Gcg, GPR41, ne GRP43 nkyerɛkyerɛmu, gut microbiota composition, fecal SCFAs dodow, ne GLP-1 a woyi fi primary mouse colonic epithelial cells SCFA-derived GLP-1 production.Nea efii mu bae: BLG ayaresa maa nipadua mu duru a ɛso tew, DAI, akyi berɛmo a ɛyɛ tiaa, akyi berɛmo mu ntini a ɛsɛe, ne proinflammatory cytokine dodow a ɛwɔ TNF-α, IL-1β, ne IL-6 a ɛwɔ akyi berɛmo mu ntini mu no so tew kɛse.Nea ɛka ho no, BLG ayaresa betumi asan de akyi berɛmo mu Gcg, GPR41 ne GRP43 a wɔda no adi ne serum GLP-1 dodow a ɛwɔ akyi no aba kɛse wɔ colitis mprako, ne denam mmoawa a wɔyɛ SCFA te sɛ Akkermansia ne Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 a wɔma ɛkɔ soro, ne mmoawa dodow te sɛ Eubacterium_xylanophilum_group, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Intestinimonas ne Oscillibacter a wɔtew so. Bio nso, BLG ayaresa betumi ama SCFA dodow a ɛwɔ mprako a wɔanya akisikuru nsu mu no akɔ soro kɛse. Bere koro no ara mu no, nhwehwɛmu ahorow a wɔyɛe wɔ vitro nso kyerɛe sɛ mprako a wɔde BLG ayɛ wɔn no nsu a wɔde fi mu no betumi akanyan Murine colonic epithelial nkwammoaa nketewa titiriw a ɛma GLP-1 fi mu no kɛse. Nsɛm a wɔde wie: Nea wɔahu yi kyerɛ sɛ BLG wɔ tumi a ɛko tia akisikuru. BLG wɔ tumi a wobetumi ayɛ sɛ ayaresa, anyɛ yiye koraa no ne fã bi denam awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete a wɔsakra no ne GLP-1 a wonya fi dwensɔtwaa mu a wɔsan de ba Nnuru a ɛhyɛ bɔ ma akisikuru a ɛsan ba a enni sabea. Nsɛmfua titiriw: akisikuru, Ban-Lan-Gen granules, awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete, srade a ɛwɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn tiaa, GLP-1
Ulcerative colitis (UC) yɛ yare a ɛma obi ho hyehye no bere tenten wɔ akyi berɛmo ne akyi berɛmo mu a nea ɛda nsow ne akisikuru a ɛsan ba bio, yafunu mu yaw, mu duru a ɛso tew, ne nsu a mogya wom a ɛyɛ ntini.1 Nnansa yi, UC a abu so no akɔ soro wɔ aman a kan no na ɛnyɛ kɛse no mu, a China ka ho, a Atɔe Famfo asetra kwan a agye din kɛse.2 Eyi de ɔhaw akɛse ba ɔmanfo so akwahosan na ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ ayarefo tumi a wɔde yɛ adwuma ne asetra pa so.Nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ, nea ɛde UC yare ba no da so ara mu nna hɔ kɛse, nanso wogye tom kɛse sɛ awosu, nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia, awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete, ne nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa nyinaa boa ma UC nya nkɔso.3 Mprempren mpo, wonni aduru biara a wɔde sa UC, na ayaresa no botae ne sɛ wɔbɛhyɛ ayaresabea sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow so, akanyan na wɔakura mu remission, promote mucosal healing, and reduce recurrence.Ayaresa a wɔtaa de di dwuma no bi ne aminosalicylates , corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, ne biologics.Nanso, saa nnuru yi ntumi nnya nkɛntɛnso a wɔpɛ esiane nea efi mu ba ahorow nti.4 Nnansa yi, nsɛm pii a wɔayɛ ho nhwehwɛmu ada no adi sɛ Chinafo aduruyɛ (TCM) ada no adi sɛ ebetumi aboa kɛse ma UC afi hɔ a awuduru kakraa bi na ɛwom, na ɛkyerɛ sɛ TCM ayaresa foforo a wɔbɛyɛ no yɛ ayaresa kwan a ɛhyɛ bɔ ma UC.5-7
Banlangen Granules (BLG) y Chinafoɔ aduruyɛ a wɔde yɛ aduru a wɔde nsuo a wɔayi afiri Banlangen ntini mu ayɛ.8 Wɔ ne tumi a ɛko tia ɔyare mmoawa akyi no, BLG da dwumadie a ɛtumi ko tia ɔyareɛ adi wɔ ɔyareɛ ahodoɔ a wɔde sa yareɛ mu.9,10 Bio nso, wɔayi glucosinolates (R,S-goitrin, progoitrin, epiprorubin ne glucoside afi mu na wɔahu afiri mu nsuo a wɔayi afiri Radix isatidis) ne nucleosides (hypoxanthine, adenosine, uridine ne guanosine) ne indigo alkaloids te sɛ indigo ne indirubin.11,12 Nhwehwɛmu a atwam no akyerɛw yie sɛ nnuru a wɔde yɛ adenosine, uridine ne indirubin no da tumi a ano yɛ den a ɛko tia akisikuru adi wɔ mmoa nhwɛsoɔ ahodoɔ a ɛfa colitis ho.13-17 Nanso, ɛnte saa wɔayɛ nhwehwɛmu a egyina adanse so de ahwɛ sɛnea BLG yɛ adwuma yiye wɔ akisikuru mu.Wɔ mprempren nhwehwɛmu yi mu no, yɛhwehwɛɛ ahobammɔ a BLG nya wɔ dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-a ɛma akisikuru a ɛsan ba a enni sabea wɔ C57BL/6 mprako mu na yehui sɛ BLG a wɔde ma wɔ anom no brɛɛ DSS a ɛma akisikuru a ɛsan ba bere tenten wɔ mprako mu no ase kɛse Ɔfe, ne nhyehyɛe akwan no ne awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete a wɔsakra no ne glucagon-te sɛ peptide-1 (GLP-1) a wonya fi awotwaa mu no a wɔsan yɛ no wɔ abusuabɔ.
Wɔtɔɔ BLG granules (asikre nnim, NMPA apene so Z11020357; Beijing Tongrentang Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing, China; batch nɔma: 20110966) fii nnurutɔnbea ahorow.DSS (Molecular Weight: 36,000–50,000 Daltons) wɔtɔɔ fii MP Biologicals (Santa Ana, USA).Wɔtɔɔ sulfasalazine (SASP) (≥ 98% ahotew), hematoxylin ne eosin fii Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA).Wɔtɔɔ mmoawa a wɔfrɛ wɔn mouse TNF-α, IL-1β ne IL-6 luminex Elisa nhwehwɛmu nneɛma fii R&D nhyehyɛe ahorow mu (Minneapolis, MN, USA).Wɔtɔɔ acetic acid, propionic acid, ne butyric acid fii Aladdin Nnwumayɛbea (Shanghai, China).2-Wɔtɔɔ ethylbutyric acid fii Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany).
Wɔtɔɔ mprako anini C57BL/6 a wɔadi adapɛn 6-8 (nipadua mu duru 18-22 g) fii Beijing Wetahe Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China) na wɔde wɔn guu baabi a ɛyɛ 22 ± 2 °C a hann/ sum kyinhyia 12 h.Wɔmaa mprako aduan a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ a ɛma mprako a wonya nsu a wɔnom a wontua hwee dapɛn biako sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛyɛ wɔn ade wɔ tebea foforo no mu.The afei wɔkyekyɛɛ mprako mu akuwakuw anan: kuw a wɔhwɛ so, DSS nhwɛso kuw, kuw a wɔde SASP saa yare (200 mg/kg, anom) ne kuw a wɔde BLG saa yare (1 g/kg, anom).Sɛnea wɔada no adi wɔ Mfonini 1A mu no, sɛnea yɛn nhwehwɛmu a atwam kyerɛ no, wɔde DSS 1.8% a ɛsan ba bio a wɔsɔɔ hwɛe no yɛɛ mprako denam kyinhyia abiɛsa a wɔde DSS 1.8% dii akyi nnafua 7 nna, sɛnea yɛn nhwehwɛmu a atwam no kyerɛ no.18 Wɔde SASP ne BLG saa mprako a wɔwɔ akuw a wɔde SASP ne BLG saa wɔn yare no mu, sɛnea ɛte biara, da biara a efi ase fi da 0.Sɛnea sɔhwɛ ahorow a edi kan kyerɛ no, wɔde BLG dodow sii hɔ sɛ 1 g/kg.Saa bere yi mu no, wɔde SASP dodow sii hɔ sɛ 200 mg/Kg sɛnea nhoma ahorow no kyerɛ no.4 Akuw a wɔhwɛ so ne DSS nhwɛsode no nyaa saa ara nsu dodow a ɛwɔ sɔhwɛ no nyinaa mu.
Mfonini 1 BLG ma DSS-induced chronic relapsing colitis in mice.(A) Nsɔhwɛ nhyehyɛe a ɛfa akisikuru a enni sabea a ɛsan ba ne ayaresa ho, (B) nipadua mu duru nsakrae, (C) yare dwumadi nkyerɛkyerɛmu (DAI) nkontaahyɛde, (D) akyi berɛmo tenten, (E) akyi berɛmo no ananmusifo mfonini, (F) H&E staining Colon (magnification, ×100) ne (G) histological score.Wɔde data no ama sɛ mfinimfini ± SEM (n = 6).##p < 0.01 anaa ###p < 0.001 vs control (Con) kuw; *p < 0.05 anaa **p < 0.01 anaa ***p < 0.001 vs DSS kuw no.
Wɔkyerɛw nipadua mu duru, nsu a ɛkɔ so pɛpɛɛpɛ, ne mogya a ɛba akyi berɛmo mu no too hɔ da biara.Wɔde nipadua mu duru, nsu a ɛkɔ so pɛpɛɛpɛ, ne mogya a ɛba akyi berɛmo mu dodow a wɔaka abom sɛnea wɔadi kan aka ho asɛm no so na ɛkyerɛɛ yare dwumadi nkyerɛkyerɛmu (DAI).19 Wɔ sɔhwɛ no awiei no, wokunkum mprako nyinaa na wɔboaboaa mogya, nsu ne akyi berɛmo ano de yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu foforo.
Wɔde formalin siesiee akyi berɛmo mu ntini na wɔde hyɛɛ paraffin mu.Wɔyɛɛ 5-micron afã horow na wɔde hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) yɛɛ ho fĩ, afei wɔde anifurae guu so na wɔmaa wɔn nkontaa sɛnea wɔadi kan aka ho asɛm no.19
Wɔde Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) yii RNA a ɛwɔ akyi berɛmo mu nyinaa, na ɛno akyi no wɔde reverse transcriptase (TaKaRa, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan) yii cDNA.Wɔde bere ankasa mu PCR nhyehyɛe a ɛwɔ SYBR Green Master (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) yɛɛ quantitative PCR.Wɔmaa botae gene transcripts yɛɛ normalized to β-actin na wɔyɛɛ data mu nhwehwɛmu denam 2-ΔΔCT kwan no so.Wɔakyerɛ gene primer ntoatoaso no wɔ Table 1.
Wɔyɛɛ primary mouse colonic epithelial cell isolation ne culture sɛnea wɔadi kan aka ho asɛm no.20 Ne tiawa mu no, wodii kan twaa mprako a wɔadi adapɛn 6-8 colons bere a wɔde abɔ afɔre akyi denam cervical dislocation so, afei wobuee mu tenten, de Hanks Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS, a calcium ne magnesium nni mu) saa wɔn yare na wotwitwaa mu yɛɛ no ​​ketewaa 0.5-1 mm pieces.Akyiri yi, wɔde 0.4 mg/mL collagenase XI (Sigma, Poole, UK) na ɛyam ntini wɔ free DMEM medium mu na wɔde centrifuged wɔ 300 xg mu simma 5 wɔ dan mu hyew mu.Resuspend pellet no wɔ DMEM medium (a wɔde 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 Units/mL penicillin, ne 100 μg/mL streptomycin) wɔ 37 °C na ɛfa nylon mesh (pore size ~250 μm).Wɔde colonic epithelial cells aliquots guu glass-bottom dishes mu na wɔde acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, ne mouse fecal extracts guu mu nnɔnhwerew 2 wɔ 37°C, 5% CO2.
Wɔde PBS yɛɛ akisikuru ntini no homogenized, na wɔde luminex ELISA nhwehwɛmu kits (R&D nhyehyɛe, Minneapolis, MN, USA) huu cytokines IL-6, TNF-α ne IL-1β dodow a ɛwɔ akyi berɛmo mu.Saa ara nso na wɔde ELISA kit kyerɛɛ GLP-1 dodow a ɛwɔ serum ne culture medium a ɛwɔ primary murine colonic epithelial cells mu (Bioswamp, Wuhan, China) sɛnea nea ɔyɛe no akwankyerɛ kyerɛ no.
Wɔde DNA extraction kit (Tiangen, China) yii DNA nyinaa firii nsuo mu.Wɔsusuu DNA no su ne dodoɔ wɔ nsusuiɛ a ɛyɛ 260 nm/280 nm ne 260 nm/230 nm, sɛdeɛ ɛteɛ biara.Akyiri yi, wɔde DNA biara a wɔayiyi no dii dwuma sɛ nsusuwso, primers pɔtee 338F (ACTCCTACGGGGAGGCAGCAG) ne 806R (GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT) na wɔde maa V3-V4 mpɔtam a ɛwɔ 16S rRNA awosu mu abɔde mu nkwaadɔm no yɛɛ kɛse wɔ mmeae ahorow.Wɔde QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN, Germany) tew PCR nneɛma ho, de bere ankasa mu PCR buu dodow, na wɔde IlluminaMiseq PE300 sequencing platform (Illumina Inc., CA, USA) dii dwuma nnidiso nnidiso.For bioinformatics, data wɔyɛɛ dwumadie no wɔ protocols a wɔadi kan abɔ ho amanneɛ akyi.21,22 Ne tiawa mu no, fa Cutadapt (V1.9.1) di dwuma de yiyi raw express fael.Wɔde UPARSE (version 7.0.1001) boaboaa OTUs ano a nsɛsoɔ twaa 97%, na wɔde UCHIME dii dwuma de yii chimeric sequences.Wɔde RDP classifier na ɛyɛɛ community composition analysis ne classification (http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/) a egyina SILVA ribosomal RNA awosu mu nkwaadɔm ho nsɛm a wɔahyehyɛ so.
Wɔsusuu sradeɛ a ɛwɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn tiawa (acetic acid, propionic acid, ne butyric acid) dodoɔ sɛdeɛ Tao ne ne mfɛfoɔ adi kan aka ho asɛm no, na wɔyɛɛ nsakraeɛ bi.23 Ne tiawa mu no, wɔdii kan de nsuo 100 mg guu nsuo a wɔayi ion afiri mu 0.4 mL mu, na wɔde 0.1 mL 50% sulfuric acid ne 0.5 mL dii akyire 2-ethylbutyric acid (mfinimfini gyinapɛn), afei homogenized na ɛyɛ hyew wɔ 4°C. Centrifuge wɔ 12,000 rpm simma 15 wɔ C.Wɔde 0.5 mL ether yii supernatant no na wɔde guu GC no mu de yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu.Wɔ gas chromatography (GC) nhwehwɛmu mu no, wɔde GC-2010 Plus gas chromatograph (Shimadzu, Inc.) a wɔde ogyaframa ionization detector (FID) ahyɛ mu yɛɛ nhwɛsode ahorow no mu nhwehwɛmu.Wɔyɛɛ mpaapaemu de ZKAT-624 adum, 30 m × 0.53 mm × 0.3 μm (Lanzhou Zhongke Antai Analytical Technology Co., Ltd., China) dii dwuma.Wɔde GC solution software (Shimadzu, Inc.) na enyaa nsɛm.Wɔde mpaapaemu nsusuwii yɛ 10:1, mframa a wɔde fa mu no yɛ nitrogen, na nsu a ɛsen no yɛ 6 mL/min.Nneɛma a wɔde gu mu no yɛ 1 μL.Na injector ne detector no hyew yɛ 300°C.Wɔde fononoo no hyew yɛɛ 140°C simma 13.5, afei wɔmaa ɛkɔɔ soro koduu 250°C wɔ 120°C/min; wɔde simma 5 na ɛhwɛɛ ɔhyew no so.
Wɔde nsɛm a wɔde mae no akyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ mfinimfini ± mfomso a ɛwɔ mfinimfini (SEM).Wɔde ɔkwan biako so ANOVA na wɔde Duncan sɔhwɛ a ɛkɔ akyiri pii dii akyi na ɛhwɛɛ nsɛm a ɛho hia.Wɔde GraphPad Prism 5.0 software (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) dii dwuma maa akontaabu nyinaa na wobuu p < 0.05 sɛ ɛyɛ akontaabu mu ade titiriw.
Wonim yiye sɛ UC yɛ yare a enni sabea a ɛsan ba yafunu mu a yafunu mu yaw a emu yɛ den, atiridiinini ne mogya tu.Enti, wɔde DSS-a ɛma akisikuru a enni sabea ba mprako mu no sii hɔ de hwɛɛ sɛnea BLG tumi ko tia akisikuru no (Mfonini 1A).Sɛ wɔde toto kuw a wɔhwɛ so no ho a, na mprako a wɔwɔ DSS nhwɛso kuw no mu no nipadua mu duru so atew kɛse na DAI a ɛkɔ soro, na nsakrae yi danee kɛse wɔ nnafua 24 akyi BLG ayaresa (Mfonini 1B ne C).Colon tiaa yɛ UC agyiraehyɛde titiriw.Sɛnea wɔada no adi wɔ Mfonini 1D ne E mu no, mprako a wɔde DSS maa wɔn no akyi berɛmo tenten yɛɛ tiaa kɛse, nanso wɔde BLG ayaresa maa wɔn ho tɔɔ wɔn.Akyiri yi, wɔyɛɛ histopathological analysis maa assess colonic inflammation.H&E stained images ne pathological scores kyerɛe sɛ DSS a wɔde ma no sɛee colonic architecture kɛse na ɛde crypt sɛe bae, bere a BLG ayaresa no maa crypt sɛe ne pathological scores so tew kɛse (Mfonini 1F ne G).Nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ, ahobammɔ tumi a BLG nya wɔ dodow a ɛyɛ 1 g/Kg mu no yɛ nea wotumi de toto SASP de no ho wɔ dodow a ɛyɛ 200 mu mg/Kg.Sɛ wɔka bom a, nea wɔahu yi kyerɛ sɛ BLG tu mpɔn wɔ sɛnea DSS de ba akisikuru a enni sabea a ɛsan ba no mu yɛ den wɔ mprako mu no so.
TNF-α, IL-1β ne IL-6 yɛ ɔhyew agyiraehyɛde ahorow a ɛho hia a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ɔyare a ɛwɔ akyi berɛmo mu.Sɛnea wɔada no adi wɔ Mfonini 2A mu no, DSS maa TNF-α, IL-1β ne IL-6 awosu mu nkwaadɔm a wɔda no adi wɔ akyi berɛmo mu no kɔɔ soro kɛse bere a wɔde totoo kuw a wɔhwɛ so no ho cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, ne IL-6 wɔ colon tissue.Nea efii mu bae no nso kyerɛe sɛ TNF-α, IL-1β, ne IL-6 dodow a ɛwɔ colonic mu no kɔɔ soro kɛse wɔ mprako a wɔde DSS saa wɔn yare no mu, bere a BLG ayaresa no brɛɛ saa nkɔanim ahorow yi ase (Mfonini 2B).
Mfonini 2 BLG siw awosu mu nkwaadɔm a wɔda no adi ne proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β ne IL-6 a wɔyɛ wɔ mprako a wɔde DSS ayɛ wɔn no akyi berɛmo mu no ano.(A) TNF-α, IL-1β ne IL-6 a wɔda no adi wɔ akyi berɛmo mu (B) colonic protein dodow a ɛwɔ TNF-α, IL-1β ne IL-6.Wɔde data no ama sɛ mfinimfini ± SEM (n = 4–6).#p < 0.05 anaa ##p < 0.01 anaa ###p < 0.001 vs control (Con) kuw; *p < 0.05 anaa **p < 0.01 vs DSS kuw no.
Intestinal dysbiosis is critical in the pathogenesis of UC.24 Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔahwehwɛ sɛ ebia BLG sesa gut microbiota a ɛwɔ mprako a wɔde DSS ayɛ wɔn no mu no, wɔyɛɛ 16S rRNA sequencing de hwehwɛɛ bacterial community of gut contents.Venn diagram no kyerɛ sɛ akuw abiɛsa no kyɛ OTU 385. Bere koro no ara mu no, na kuw biara wɔ OTU soronko (Fig. 3A).Bio nso, Chao1 index ne Shannon index a wɔakyerɛ wɔ Mfonini 3B ne C mu no kyerɛɛ sɛ mpɔtam hɔfoɔ ahodoɔ a ɛwɔ gut microbiota mu no so tew wɔ mprako a wɔde BLG saa wɔn yareɛ no mu, ɛfiri sɛ Shannon index no so tew kɛseɛ wɔ kuw a wɔde BLG saa wɔn yareɛ no mu.Wɔde Principal component analysis (PCA) ne principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) dii dwuma de kyerɛɛ clustering patterns wɔ akuo mmiɛnsa no mu ne kyerɛe sɛ mprako a wɔde DSS saa wɔn yare no mpɔtam hɔ nhyehyɛe no tetew mu pefee wɔ BLG ayaresa akyi (Mfonini 3D ne E).Saa nsɛm yi kyerɛ sɛ BLG ayaresa no nyaa mprako a wɔde DSS ayɛ wɔn akisikuru no mpɔtam hɔ nhyehyɛe kɛse.
Mfonini 3 BLG sesa awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete ahorow a ɛwɔ mprako a DSS de ba akisikuru mu.(A) Venn mfonini a ɛkyerɛ OTU, (B) Chao1 nkyerɛkyerɛmu, (C) Shannon ahonyade nkyerɛkyerɛmu, (D) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) score plot of OTU, (E) OTU Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) score Mfonini. Wɔde nsɛm a wɔde mae no akyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ mfinimfini ± SEM (n = 6).**p < 0.01 vs DSS kuw.
Sɛ yɛbɛhwɛ nsakraeɛ pɔtee a ɛba wɔ nsuo mu mmoawa nketenkete mu a, yɛhwehwɛɛ sɛdeɛ awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete no teɛ wɔ taxonomic levels nyinaa mu.Sɛdeɛ wɔakyerɛ wɔ Mfonini 4A mu no, phyla titire a ɛwɔ akuo no nyinaa mu ne Firmicutes ne Bacteroidetes, na Verrucomicrobia dii akyire.The relative abundances of Firmicutes and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratios were significantly increased in the fecal microbial communities of DSS-treated mice toto control mice, na nsakrae yi danee kɛse wɔ BLG ayaresa akyi .Titiriw no, BLG ayaresa maa Verrucobacterium dodow a ɛwɔ mprako a DSS-a ɛma wɔn akisikuru no nsu mu no kɔɔ soro kɛse.Wɔ ofie gyinabea no, fecal microbial communities were occupied by Lachnospiriaceae, Muribaculaceae, Akkermansiaceae, Ruminococcaceae ne Prevotellaceae (Mfonini 4B).Sɛ wɔde toto DSS kuw no ho a, BLG a ɛso tew no maa Akkermansiaceae dodow kɔɔ soro, nanso ɛmaa Lachnospiraceae ne Ruminococcaceae dodow so tew.Nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ, wɔ abusua no gyinabea no, na fecal microbiota no traa hɔ by Lachnospira_NK4A136_group, Akkermansia and Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 (Fig. 4C).Saa ade a wohui yi nso daa no adi sɛ BLG ayaresa dan microbiota a ɛnkari pɛ no yiye wɔ DSS asɛnnennen ho mmuaema mu, a nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ Eubacterium_xylanophilum_group, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Intestinimonas ne Oscillibacter, ne Akkermansia ne Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 a ɛkɔ soro.
Mfonini 4 BLG sesa awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete dodow a ɛwɔ mprako a DSS de ba no mu.(A) Awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete pii wɔ phylum level; (B) Awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete a ɛdɔɔso wɔ abusua no mu; (C) gut microbiota dodow wɔ genus level.Wɔde data no ama sɛ mfinimfini ± SEM (n = 6).#p < 0.05 anaa ###p < 0.001 vs control (Con) kuw; *p < 0.05 anaa **p < 0.01 anaa ***p < 0.001 vs DSS kuw no.
Sɛ yɛsusu sɛ short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) ne Akkermansia ne Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 mu nneɛma atitiriw, bere a acetate, propionate ne butyrate ne SCFAs a ɛdɔɔso sen biara wɔ dwensɔtwaa mu a, 25-27 yɛda so ara wɔ yɛn nhwehwɛmu no mu.Sɛnea wɔada no adi wɔ Mfonini 5 mu no, na fecal acetate, propionate, ne butyrate dodow yɛ so tew kɛse wɔ kuw a wɔde DSS saa wɔn yare no mu, bere a BLG ayaresa betumi asiw saa so tew yi ano kɛse.
Mfonini 5. BLG ma SCFA dodow kɔ soro wɔ mprako a wɔwɔ DSS-a ɛma wɔn akyi berɛmo mu yare no nsu mu.(A) Acetic acid a ɛwɔ nsu mu; (B) propionic acid a ɛwɔ nsu mu; (C) butyric acid a ɛwɔ nsuo mu.Wɔde nsɛm no ama sɛ ɛyɛ ± SEM (n = 6).#p < 0.05 anaa ##p < 0.01 vs control (Con) kuw; *p < 0.05 anaa **p < 0.01 vs DSS kuw no.
Yɛsan buu Pearson abusuabɔ nsusuwii a ɛda genus-level differential SCFA ne fecal microbiota ntam.Sɛnea wɔada no adi wɔ Mfonini 6 mu no, na Akkermansia ne propionic acid (Pearson = 0.4866) ne butyric acid (Pearson = 0.6192) a wɔyɛ no wɔ abusuabɔ pa.Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, na Enteromonas ne Oscillobacter nyinaa ne acetate wɔ abusuabɔ bɔne a wɔyɛ, a Pearson nsusuwii yɛ 0.4709 ne 0.5104.Saa ara nso na na Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 ne propionic acid (Pearson = 0.4508) ne butyric acid (Pearson = 0.5842) a wɔyɛ no wɔ abusuabɔ bɔne.
Mfonini 6 Pearson nkitahodi nhwehwɛmu a ɛda SCFA ahorow a ɛsono ne akyi berɛmo mu mmoawa ntam.(A) Enteromonas a acetic acid wom; (B) Concussion bacillus a wɔde acetic acid ayɛ; (C) Akkermansia ne propionic acid ntam; (D) Ruminococcus_UCG-014 a wɔde propionic acid ahyɛ mu; (E) Akkermansia a wɔde butyric acid ahyɛ mu; (F) ) Ruminococcus _UCG-014 a wɔde butyric acid ka ho.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) yɛ cell-type-specific post-translational product of proglucagon (Gcg) a ɛwɔ anti-inflammatory properties.28 Sɛnea wɔada no adi wɔ Mfonini 7 mu no, DSS maa Gcg mRNA nkyerɛkyerɛmu so tew kɛse.Colon ne BLG ayaresa betumi adan DSS-a ɛma Gcg so tew no kɛse bere a wɔde totoo kuw a wɔhwɛ so no ho (Mfonini. 7A).Bere koro no ara mu no, GLP-1 dodow a ɛwɔ serum mu no so tew kɛse wɔ kuw a wɔde DSS saa wɔn yare no mu, na BLG ayaresa betumi asiw saa so tew yi ano kɛse (Mfonini 7B).Esiane sɛ srade a ɛwɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn tiawa betumi akanyan GLP-1 a wɔde sie denam G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GRP43) ne G-protein-coupled receptor 41 (GRP41) activation so nti, yɛ nso hwehwɛɛ GPR41 ne GRP43 mu wɔ colitis mprako akyi berɛmo mu na wohui sɛ GRP43 ne GPR41 a ɛda adi wɔ akyi berɛmo mu no so tew kɛse wɔ DSS asɛnnennen akyi, na BLG ayaresa betumi agye saa so tew ahorow yi yiye (Mfonini 7C ne D).
Mfonini 7 BLG ma serum GLP-1 dodow ne colonic Gcg, GPR41 ne GRP43 mRNA a wɔda no adi wɔ mprako a wɔde DSS ayɛ wɔn no mu kɔ soro.(A) Gcg mRNA a wɔda no adi wɔ colonic tissue mu; (B) GLP-1 dodow a ɛwɔ mogya mu; (C) GPR41 mRNA a wɔda no adi wɔ akyi berɛmo mu ntini mu; (D) GPR43 mRNA nkyerɛkyerɛmu wɔ colon tissue.Data no kyerɛ sɛ mfinimfini ± SEM (n = 5-6).#p <0.05 anaa ##p <0.01 vs control (Con) kuw; *p < 0.05 vs DSS kuw no.
Esiane sɛ BLG ayaresa betumi ama serum GLP-1 dodow, colonic Gcg mRNA a wɔda no adi, ne fecal SCFA dodow akɔ soro wɔ mprako a wɔde DSS saa wɔn yare mu nti, yɛkɔɔ so hwehwɛɛ acetate, propionate, ne butyrate ne afei nso fi control (F-Con), DSS colitis (F-Con) -DSS) ne BLG-treated colitis (F-BLG) mprako mu bere a wɔayi GLP-1 afi primary murine mu colonic epithelial cells.Sɛnea wɔakyerɛ wɔ Mfonini 8A mu no, mouse colonic epithelial cells titiriw a wɔde 2 mM acetic acid, propionic acid, ne butyric acid saa wɔn yare no, kanyan GLP-1 a wɔayi no adi kɛse, a ɛne nhwehwɛmu a atwam no hyia.29,30 Saa ara nso na F-Con, F-DSS, ne F-BLG nyinaa (a ɛne nsuo a ɛyɛ 0.25 g yɛ pɛ) no. kɛse kanyan GLP-1 a woyii no adi fi mfitiase murine colonic epithelial cells.Nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ, GLP-1 dodow a F-DSS-ayare no mfitiase mmoawa a wɔfrɛ wɔn mouse colonic epithelial cells no gyae no sua koraa sen F-Con ne F-BLG-treated primary mouse colonic epithelial cells.(Mfonini 8B).These data kyerɛ sɛ BLG ayaresa no san de bae kɛse GLP-1 a wonya fi dwensɔtwaa mu.
Mfonini 8 SCFA a wonya fi BLG mu no kanyan GLP-1 a woyi fi murine colonic epithelial nkwammoaa titiriw mu.(A) Acetic acid, propionic acid, ne butyric acid kanyan GLP-1 a woyi fi murine colonic epithelial nkwammoaa titiriw mu (B) nsuo a wɔayiyi F-Con, F-DSS ne F-BLG kanyan mfitiaseɛ murine colonic epithelial cells GLP-1 dodoɔ a wɔayi no adi.Wɔde colonic epithelial cells aliquots guu glass-bottom petri dishes mu na wɔde 2 mM acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, ne fecal extracts F-Con, F-DSS, ne F-BLG (a ɛne nsuo a ɛyɛ 0.25 g yɛ pɛ), sɛnea ɛte biara. Nnɔnhwerew 2 wɔ 37°C, 5% CO2, sɛnea ɛte biara.Wɔde ELISA huu GLP-1 dodow a woyi fi murine colonic epithelial nkwammoaa titiriw mu.Wɔde nsɛm no ama sɛ mfinimfini ± SEM (n = 3).#p < 0.05 anaa ##p < 0.01 vs. blank anaa F-Con; *p < 0.05 ne F-DSS.
Nsɛmfua a wɔatwa no tiaa: Ace, acetic acid; Pro, aduru a wɔfrɛ no propionic acid; nanso, butyric acid a wɔde yɛ aduru; F-Con, nsu a wɔayi afi mprako a wɔahyɛ wɔn so mu; F-DSS, nsu a wɔayi afi mprako a wɔwɔ akisikuru mu; F-BLG, a efi akyi berɛmo a wɔde BLG ayɛ mu Fecal extracts of mice a wɔyɛ hyew.
Wiase Nyinaa Akwahosan Ahyehyɛde no akyerɛw UC sɛ ɛyɛ yare a wontumi nnye ntom, na ɛrebɛyɛ wiase nyinaa asiane; nanso, akwan a etu mpɔn a wɔfa so hyɛ yare no ho nkɔm, siw ano, na wɔsa no da so ara sua.Enti, ɛho hia ntɛm ara sɛ wɔhwehwɛ na wɔyɛ ayaresa akwan foforo a ahobammɔ wom na etu mpɔn ma UC.Chinafo aduruyɛ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so no yɛ ɔkwan a ɛhyɛ bɔ efisɛ wɔada no adi sɛ Chinafo aduruyɛ mu nnuru pii a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so no yɛ nea etu mpɔn wɔ UC ayaresa mu wɔ Chinafo dodow mu wɔ mfehaha pii mu, na ne nyinaa yɛ abɔde mu nneɛma ne abɔde mu nneɛma a ne fã kɛse no ara nyɛ asiane mma nnipa ne mmoa.31,32 Saa nhwehwɛmu yi botae ne sɛ ɛbɛhwehwɛ Chinafo aduruyɛ a wɔde sa UC a ahobammɔ wom na etu mpɔn na wɔahwehwɛ ɔkwan a wɔfa so sa UC.BLG yɛ Chinafo nhabannuru a wonim no yiye a wɔde sa atiridiinini.8,33 Adwuma a wɔyɛ wɔ yɛn aduruyɛdan mu ne afoforo mu no ada no adi sɛ indigo, Chinafo aduruyɛ a wɔayɛ ho adwuma a wɔde nneɛma a wɔde yɛ aduru koro no ara a wɔde sa BLG, exhibits significant efficacy in the treatment of UC in humans and animals.4,34 Nanso, BLG a ɛko tia colitis ne ne nsunsuanso Adwinnade no mu nna hɔ.Wɔ mprempren nhwehwɛmu no mu no, nea yenya fii mu no kyerɛ sɛ BLG brɛ DSS-a ɛma akyi berɛmo mu ɔfe ase yiye, a ɛne awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete a wɔsakra no ne GLP-1 a wonya fi awotwaa mu no san ba.
Wonim yiye sɛ UC yɛ nea ɛda adi wɔ bere a ɛsan ba bio a ɛwɔ ayaresabea mu nneɛma a ɛtaa ba, te sɛ mu duru a ɛso tew, akisikuru, mogya a ɛtɔ kɔ akyi berɛmo mu, ne akyi berɛmo mu ntini a ɛsɛe kɛse.35 Enti, wɔde DSS 1.8% a ɛsan ba a enni sabea dii dwuma mprɛnsa denam nsu a wɔnom no mpɛn abiɛsa so.Sɛnea wɔada no adi wɔ Mfonini 1B mu no, wɔde nnanson dii akyi.Sɛnea wɔada no adi wɔ Mfonini 1B mu no. fluctuating weight loss and DAI scores indicated successful induction of chronic relapsing colitis.Mpɔtorɔ a wɔwɔ kuw a wɔde BLG saa wɔn yare no mu no daa upshift ahotɔ adi fi da a ɛto so 8, a na ɛsono kɛse wɔ da a ɛto so 24.Wuhuu nsakrae koro no ara nso wɔ DAI nkontaahyɛde mu, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nkɔso aba wɔ ayaresabea nkɔso a ɛba wɔ akisikuru mu.Wɔ akyi berɛmo mu opira ne ɔfe tebea mu no, tenten, akyi berɛmo mu ntini a ɛsɛe, ne awosu mu nkwaadɔm a wɔda no adi ne proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, ne IL-6 a wɔyɛ wɔ akyi berɛmo mu ntini mu no nso nyaa nkɔso kɛse wɔ BLG ayaresa akyi.Sɛ wɔka bom a, nea efii mu bae yi kyerɛ pefee sɛ BLG tu mpɔn wɔ akisikuru a ɛsan ba a enni sabea a wɔsa wɔ mprako mu no mu.
Ɔkwan bɛn so na BLG de ne nnuruyɛ mu nkɛntɛnso di dwuma?Nhwehwɛmu pii a atwam ada no adi sɛ awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete no di dwuma titiriw wɔ UC yare no mu, na ayaresa a egyina microbiome so ne microbiome-tageted ayaresa ahorow ada adi sɛ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ anigye yiye a wɔfa so sa UC.Wɔ mprempren nhwehwɛmu yi mu no, yɛdaa no adi sɛ BLG ayaresa de nsakrae kɛse baa awotwaa mu microbiota ahorow mu, na ɛkyerɛ sɛ protective effect of BLG against DSS-induced colitis is related to modulation of gut microbiota.Saa nhwɛsoɔ yi ne adwene a ɛne sɛ reprogramming the homeostasis of the gut microbiota yɛ ɔkwan a ɛho hia a wɔfa so te TCM ahosiesie a ɛyɛ adwuma yie ase.36,37 Nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ, Akkermansia yɛ Gram-negative na strictly anaerobic bacterium a ɛte mucus no mu layer of the gut a ɛsɛe mucins, ɛma propionic acid, ɛkanyan goblet nkwammoaa mu nsonsonoe, na ɛma mucosa no kɔ so tra hɔ. function of barrier integrity.26 Ayaresa ne mmoa ho nsɛm pii kyerɛ sɛ Akkermansia ne mucosa a ɛwɔ apɔwmuden,38 ne Akkermansia spp. betumi ama mucosal inflammation atu mpɔn kɛse.39 Yɛn mprempren nsɛm no kyerɛ sɛ Akkermansia dodow a ɛwɔ hɔ no kɔ soro kɛse wɔ BLG ayaresa akyi.Nea ɛka ho no, Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 yɛ ɔyare mmoawa a ɛma SCFA.27 Nhwehwɛmu pii kyerɛe sɛ wohuu Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 wɔ dodow a ɛba fam mu wɔ mmoa a wɔwɔ colitis.40,41 Yɛn mprempren nsɛm nso kyerɛ sɛ BLG ayaresa betumi ama Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 dodow a ɛkɔ soro kɛse wɔ mprako a wɔde DSS ayɛ wɔn no akyi berɛmo mu.Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, Oscillibacter yɛ mesophilic, strictly anaerobic bacterium.42 bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ Oscillibacter dodow a ɛfa ho no kɔɔ soro kɛse wɔ UC mprako mu na na ɛyɛ kɛse positively correlated with IL-6 and IL-1β levels and pathological scores.43,44 Nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ, BLG ayaresa no maa Oscillibacter dodow a ɛwɔ mprako a wɔde DSS saa wɔn yare no nsu mu no so tew kɛse.Nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ, saa mmoawa a wɔasesa wɔn BLG yi na wɔyɛ mmoawa a wɔyɛ SCFA sen biara.Nhwehwɛmu pii a atwam no ada nkɛntɛnso a ebetumi aba wɔ SCFA ahorow so wɔ akyi berɛmo so adi inflammation and protection of intestinal epithelial integrity.45,46 Yɛn mprempren data nso hui sɛ SCFA acetate, propionate, ne butyrate dodow a ɛwɔ nsu a wɔde DSS ayɛ mu no kɔɔ soro kɛse wɔ mprako a wɔde BLG ayɛ wɔn no mu.Sɛ wɔka bom a, nea wɔahu yi kyerɛ pefee sɛ BLG ayaresa betumi ama mmoawa a wɔde DSS ma SCFA ayɛ wɔn adwuma no anya nkɔso yiye wɔ mprako a wɔde SCFA ayɛ wɔn aduru a enni sabea mu akisikuru a ɛsan ba bio.
GLP-1 yɛ incretin a wɔyɛ no ileum ne akyi berɛmo mu titiriw na edi dwuma titiriw wɔ yafunu mu a ɛda mpan a ɛkyɛ na ɛma mogya mu glucose a ɛwɔ adidi akyi no so tew mu.47 Adanse kyerɛ sɛ dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4, GLP-1 agyefo agonist, ne GLP-1 nanomedicine betumi abrɛ dwensɔtwaa mu ɔfe ase yiye wɔ mprako mu.48-51 Sɛnea wɔbɔɔ amanneɛ wɔ nhwehwɛmu ahorow a atwam mu no, na SCFA dodow a ɛkɔ soro no ne plasma GLP-1 dodow a ɛwɔ nnipa ne mprako mu no wɔ abusuabɔ. 52 Yɛn mprempren nsɛm kyerɛ sɛ wɔ BLG ayaresa akyi no, serum GLP-1 dodow ne Gcg mRNA nkyerɛkyerɛmu kɔɔ soro kɛse.Saa ara nso na, GLP-1 a wɔde sie no kɔɔ soro kɛse wɔ colonic cultures mu wɔ stimulation a wɔde fecal extracts a efi BLG-treated colitis mice mu nkanyan akyi bere a wɔde toto stimulation ne fecal extracts a efi DSS-treated colitis mice.How do SCFAs affect the release of GLP-1?Gwen Tolhurst ne afoforo. bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ SCFA betumi akanyan GLP-1 a wɔde sie denam GRP43 ne GPR41.29 Yɛn mprempren nsɛm nso kyerɛ sɛ BLG ayaresa ma mRNA a wɔda no adi wɔ GRP43 ne GPR41 mu wɔ mprako a wɔde DSS ayɛ wɔn no akyi berɛmo mu no kɔ soro kɛse.Saa nsɛm yi kyerɛ sɛ BLG ayaresa betumi asan de GLP-1 a SCFA ahyɛ ho nkuran no aba denam GRP43 ne GPR41 a ɛma ɛyɛ adwuma no so.
BLG yɛ aduru a wɔtɔn bere tenten a wɔmfa nnuru nhyɛ mu (OTC) wɔ China. BLG dodow a wotumi gyina ano kɛse wɔ Kunming mprako mu ne 80g/Kg, na wonhuu awuduru a emu yɛ den biara.53 Mprempren, BLG dodow a wɔkamfo kyerɛ (a asikre nnim) wɔ nnipa mu ne 9-15 g/da (mpɛn 3 da biara).Yɛn nhwehwɛmu no kyerɛe sɛ BLG a ɛwɔ 1g/Kg no maa DSS-induced chronic relapsing colitis in mice.Saa dodow yi bɛn BLG dodow a wɔde di dwuma wɔ ayaresabea.Yɛn nhwehwɛmu no nso hui sɛ ne kwan a ɔfa so yɛ adwuma no, anyɛ yiye koraa no, ne fã bi, nsakrae a ɛba awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete mu, titiriw mmoawa a wɔyɛ SCFA, te sɛ Akkermansia ne Prevotellaceae_UCG-001, mu na ɛma wɔsan de GLP-1 a wonya fi awotwaa mu ba no ba.Saa nsɛm a wɔahu yi kyerɛ sɛ BLG fata bio consideration as a potential therapeutic agent for clinical colitis treatment.Nanso, ɔkwan pɔtee a ɛnam so sesa awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete no da so ara yɛ nea mprako a wonni mmoawa nketenkete ne mmoawa a wɔde wɔn gu nsu mu no si so dua.
Ace, aduru a wɔfrɛ no acetic acid; nanso, butyric acid a wɔde yɛ aduru; BLG, pandan, a ɛyɛ pandan; DSS, dextran sodium sulfate a wɔde yɛ aduru a wɔfrɛ no dextran sodium sulfate; DAI, yare dwumadi ho nkyerɛkyerɛmu; DPP, dipeptidyl peptidase a ɛyɛ aduru a wɔfrɛ no dipeptidyl peptidase; FID, ogyaframa ionization detector; F-Con, control Fecal a wɔayiyi afi mprako mu; F-DSS, nsu a wɔde fi DSS colitis mprako mu; F-BLG, nsu a wɔde fi mprako a wɔde BLG ayɛ wɔn atiridiinini mu; GLP-1, peptide-1 a ɛte sɛ glucagon; Gcg, glukagon a ɛyɛ glukagon; gas chromatography, mframa a wɔde yɛ nneɛma; GRP43, G protein a wɔde abɔ mu agyefo 43; GRP41, G protein a wɔde abɔ mu agyefo 41; H&E, mogya mu nkwammoaa a wɔfrɛ no hematoxylin-eosin; HBSS, Hanks’ Nkyene Aduru a Ɛkari pɛ ; OTC, OTC, Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so; PCA, ade titiriw no mu nhwehwɛmu; PCoA, nhwehwɛmu titiriw a ɛfa nhyehyɛe ho; Pro, aduru a wɔfrɛ no propionic acid; SASP, aduru a wɔde yɛ sulfasalazine; SCFA, srade a ɛwɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn tiawa; Chinafo aduruyɛ, Chinafo aduruyɛ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ amanne kwan so; UC, akisikuru a ɛma obi ho kyere no.
Nhwehwɛmu nhyehyɛe nyinaa, Peking Sukuupɔn Shenzhen-Hong Kong Sukuupɔn Nyansahu ne Mfiridwuma Aduruyɛbea (Shenzhen, China) Mmoa Abrabɔ Pa Boayikuw no na ɛpenee so sɛnea Asoɛe no Akwankyerɛ ne Mmoa Mmara (abrabɔ pa nɔma A2020157) kyerɛ no.
Akyerɛwfo nyinaa boaa kɛse wɔ adwene ne nhyehyɛe, data a wonya, anaa data nhwehwɛmu ne nkyerɛase mu; ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ asɛm no kyerɛw mu anaasɛ ɔsan hwɛɛ nyansahu mu nsɛm a ɛho hia mu yiye; penee so sɛ wɔde nsaano nkyerɛwee no bɛkɔma nsɛmma nhoma a ɛwɔ hɔ mprempren no; awiei koraa no wɔpenee nkyerɛase no so sɛ wontintim; Ɔyɛ adwuma no afã horow nyinaa ho asodi.
China Ɔman Abɔde Ho Nyansahu Fapem (81560676 ne 81660479), Shenzhen Sukuupɔn adwuma a edi kan (86000000210), Shenzhen Nyansahu ne Mfiridwuma Nneɛma Foforo Boayikuw Foto (JCYJ20210324093810026), ne Guangdong Mantam Aduruyɛ ne Mfiridwuma Nhwehwɛmu Foto na wɔboaa adwuma yi (A2020157 ne A2020272), Guizhou Aduruyɛ Sukuupɔn Nnuruyɛbea Guizhou Mantam a Key Laboratory (YWZJ2020-01) ne Peking Sukuupɔn Shenzhen Ayaresabea (JCYJ2018009) na ɛde sika ma.
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