Ansa na nyarewa repopa nyarewa bɛyɛ ɔpepepem 3 anaa nea ɛboro saa no, dua yi boa ma wɔkyekyee Amerika a na ɛwɔ mfiridwuma mu nkɔso. Sɛ yɛbɛsan de wɔn anuonyam a ayera no aba a, ebia ebehia sɛ yegye abɔde tom na yesiesie.
Bere bi wɔ 1989 mu no, Herbert Darling nsa kaa telefon bi: Ɔbɔmmɔfo bi ka kyerɛɛ no ​​sɛ wahyia Amerikafo chestnut dua tenten bi wɔ Darling asase so wɔ Zor Bon mu wɔ New York atɔe fam. Ná Darling nim sɛ bere bi na chestnut yɛ nnua a ɛho hia sen biara wɔ mpɔtam hɔ no mu biako. Ná onim nso sɛ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ntontom bi a ekum nnipa popaa mmoa ahorow no bɛboro mfe ɔha ne fã. Bere a ɔtee ɔbɔmmɔfo no amanneɛbɔ a ɛfa akutu a ɔte ase a ohui ho no, na akutu no dua tenten yɛ anammɔn abien na eduu abansoro dan bi a ɛwɔ abansoro anum mu no, ogyee akyinnye. Darling kae sɛ: “Minnim sɛ migye di sɛ onim nea ɛyɛ anaa.”
Bere a Darling huu dua no, na ɛte sɛ nea ɔrehwɛ anansesɛm mu nipa bi. Ɔkae sɛ: “Ná ɛyɛ tẽẽ na ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nhwɛsode bi-na ɛyɛ kɛse.” Nanso Darling nso hui sɛ dua no rewu. Efi 1900 mfe no mfiase no, ɔyaredɔm koro no ara aka no, na wobu akontaa sɛ ɛde nyarewa a ɛtete saa akunkum nnipa ɔpepepem 3 anaa nea ɛboro saa. Eyi ne yare a edi kan a nnipa de ba a ɛsɛe nnua titiriw wɔ nnɛyi abakɔsɛm mu. Darling susuwii sɛ, sɛ wantumi annye saa dua no nkwa a, anyɛ yiye koraa no obegye n’aba nkwa. Ɔhaw biako pɛ na ɛwɔ hɔ: dua no nyɛ hwee efisɛ chestnut nnua foforo biara nni hɔ a ɛbɛn hɔ a ebetumi ayɛ pollinate.
Darling yɛ mfiridwumayɛfo a ɔde mfiridwumayɛfo akwan di dwuma de siesie ɔhaw ahorow. June a edi hɔ no, bere a nhwiren kɔkɔɔ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw petepetee dua no akataso a ɛyɛ ahabammono no so no, Darling de atuo a wɔde tow tuo a wogye fii chestnut dua foforo a osuae no nhwiren anini mu hyɛɛ mu ma, na ɔde kar kɔɔ atifi fam. Egyee dɔnhwerew biako ne fã. Ɔtoo dua no tuo fii helikopta a na wagye no mu. (Ɔhwɛ adansi adwumakuw bi a edi mu a ebetumi atua nneɛma a ɛboro so.) Saa mmɔdenbɔ yi ankosi hwee. Afe a edi hɔ no, Darling san bɔɔ mmɔden bio. Saa bere yi de, ɔne ne ba no twee apon no kɔɔ chestnut a ɛwɔ koko no atifi no so na wosii asɛnka agua a ne sorokɔ yɛ anammɔn 80 wɔ bɛboro adapɛn abien mu. Me dɔfo foroo canopy no na ɔde nhwiren a ɛte sɛ nwansena no popaa nhwiren no wɔ chestnut dua foforo so.
Saa osutɔbere no, Darling dua no nkorabata no sow nsɔe a nsɔe a ɛyɛ ahabammono akata so. Ná nsɔe yi yɛ den na ano yɛ nnam araa ma wobetumi adi mfomso aka sɛ ɛyɛ cacti. Otwa no nkɔ soro, nnuaba bɛyɛ 100 na ɛwɔ hɔ, nanso Darling adua bi na wabɔ anidaso. Ɔne n’adamfo bi nso ne Charles Maynard ne William Powell, nnua awosu ho animdefo baanu a wɔwɔ State University of New York School of Environmental Science and Forestry a ɛwɔ Syracuse (Chuck ne Bill wuwui) dii nkitaho. Nnansa yi ara wofii ase yɛɛ chestnut nhwehwɛmu adwuma bi a wɔmfa sika pii nyɛ wɔ hɔ. Darling maa wɔn chestnuts bi na obisaa nyansahufo no sɛ wobetumi de adi dwuma de asan aba anaa. Darling kae sɛ: “Ɛte sɛ nea eyi yɛ ade kɛse.” “United States apuei fam nyinaa.” Nanso, mfe kakraa bi akyi no, n’ankasa dua wui.
Efi bere a Europafo fii ase kɔtraa Amerika Atifi fam no, asasepɔn no so kwae ho asɛm no ayɛ adehwere kɛse. Nanso, mprempren nnipa pii bu Darling nyansahyɛ no sɛ ɛyɛ hokwan ahorow a ɛhyɛ bɔ sen biara no mu biako sɛ wobefi ase asan ahwɛ asɛm no mu – afe yi mfiase no, Templeton World Charity Foundation de Maynard ne Powell The project no maa n’abakɔsɛm fã kɛse no ara kwan, na saa mmɔdenbɔ yi tumi bubuu adwuma ketewaa bi a ɛbɔɔ bɛboro dɔla ɔpepem 3. Ná ɛyɛ akyɛde biako pɛ a ɛsõ sen biara a wɔde ama sukuupɔn no pɛn. Nhwehwɛmu a awosu ho animdefo yɛ no hyɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho animdefo ma wohyia anidaso no wɔ ɔkwan foforo a ɛtɔ mmere bi a ɛnyɛ dɛ so, sɛ abɔde mu wiase a wobesiesie no nkyerɛ ankasa sɛ wɔbɛsan akɔ Eden Turo a enni dɛm mu. Mmom no, ebia ɛbɛkyerɛ sɛ yebegye dwuma a yɛafa no atom: biribiara a abɔde ka ho mfiridwumayɛfo.
Chestnut nhaban ware na ɛwɔ sẽ, na ɛte sɛ saw nhama nketewa abien a ɛyɛ ahabammono a ɛka akyi kɔ akyi wɔ ahaban no mfinimfini ntini no ho. Wɔ n’awiei biako no, nhaban abien na ɛka dua bi ho. Wɔ n’awiei foforo no, wɔyɛ ano a ano yɛ nnam, na ɛtaa kotow kɔ nkyɛn. Saa nsusuwii a wɔnhwɛ kwan yi twa kwae no mu ahabammono ne anhweatam a ɛyɛ komm no mu, na akwantufo a wɔnam fam no dae a ɛyɛ nwonwa no kanyan nkurɔfo adwene, na ɛkaee wɔn akwantu a wɔfaa kwae a bere bi na nnua a ahoɔden wom pii wom no mu.
Nhoma ne nkae nkutoo na yebetumi ate saa nnua yi ase yiye. Lucille Griffin, Amerika Chestnut Collaborator Foundation no kwankyerɛfo panyin kyerɛwee bere bi sɛ ɛhɔ na wubehu chestnut a ɛdɔɔso araa ma wɔ ahohuru bere mu no, nhwiren a ɛyɛ krim na ɛyɛ nsensanee a ɛwɔ dua no so no “te sɛ Asorɔkye a ɛyɛ ahurututu no rolled down the hillside”, na ɛde nana nkae ba. Wɔ osutɔbere mu no, dua no bɛpae bio, na saa bere yi de, nsɔe a ɛyɛ nsɔe bɛkata dɛ no so. Thoreau a ɔyɛ hyew kyerɛwee wɔ “Walden” mu sɛ: “Bere a na akutu no abere no, na meboaboa bushel fã ano wɔ awɔw bere mu.” “Wɔ saa bere no mu no, na ɛyɛ anigye kɛse sɛ mɛkyinkyin chestnut kwae a enni awiei wɔ Lincoln mu saa bere no.”
Chestnuts yɛ nea wotumi de ho to so kɛse. Nea ɛnte sɛ oak nnua a ɛtɔ acorns nkutoo wɔ mfe kakraa bi mu no, chestnut nnua sow nnuaba pii wɔ osutɔbere biara mu. Ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobɛyam chestnut nso: wubetumi ayi afi mu na woadi nea wɔannoa. (Bɔ mmɔden sɛ wode acorns a tannins pii wom bedi dwuma-anaasɛ nyɛ.) Obiara di chestnuts: deer, squirrel, bear, bird, human. Akuafo no gyae wɔn mprako na wonya srade wɔ kwae no mu. Wɔ Buronya bere mu no, na keteke a akutu ayɛ mu ma fi mmepɔw so kɔ kurow no mu. Yiw, ogya no hyew wɔn ampa. William L. Bray, sukuu a Maynard ne Powell yɛɛ adwuma akyiri yi no panyin a odi kan no kae sɛ: “Wɔka sɛ wɔ mmeae bi no, akuafo nya sika pii fi akutu a wɔtɔn mu sen kuayɛ mu nneɛma afoforo nyinaa.” Wɔkyerɛwee afe 1915. Ɛyɛ nkurɔfo no dua, na emu dodow no ara nyin wɔ kwae mu.
Ɛsan nso ma wonya pii sen aduan ara kwa. Chestnut nnua tumi kɔ soro kodu anammɔn 120, na nkorabata anaa nhama nhaw anammɔn 50 a edi kan no. Eyi ne nnuatwafo adaeso. Ɛwom sɛ ɛnyɛ dua a ɛyɛ fɛ sen biara na ɛyɛ den sen biara de, nanso enyin ntɛmntɛm paa, titiriw bere a ɛsan fifi bere a wɔatwa awie na ɛnporɔw no. Bere a keteke kwan so nhama ne telefon nnua a ɛtra hɔ kyɛ no boroo afɛfɛde so no, Chestnut boa ma wɔkyekyee Amerika a na ɛwɔ mfiridwuma mu nkɔso. Adidibea, adan nketewa ne asɔredan mpempem pii a wɔde akutu ayɛ da so ara gyina hɔ; ɔkyerɛwfo bi buu akontaa wɔ 1915 mu sɛ eyi ne nnua a wɔatwa sen biara wɔ United States.
Wɔ apuei fam dodow no ara-nnua no fi Mississippi kosi Maine, na efi Atlantic mpoano kosi Mississippi Asubɔnten no-chestnuts nso yɛ emu biako. Nanso wɔ Appalachians no, na ɛyɛ dua kɛse. Chestnut ɔpepepem pii te mmepɔw yi so.
Ɛfata sɛ Fusarium wilt dii kan puei wɔ New York, a ɛyɛ Amerikafo pii aponkɛse no. Wɔ 1904 mu no, wohuu ɔyare mmoawa bi a ɛyɛ nwonwa wɔ chestnut dua bi a na ɛreyera ho wɔ Bronx Mmoa Yɛmmea. Nhwehwɛmufo hui ntɛm ara sɛ ntontom a ɛde mmoawa a wɔde ɔyare mmoawa ba (akyiri yi wɔfrɛɛ no ​​Cryphonectria parasitica) no duu Japan nnua a wɔde fi amannɔne ba so wɔ 1876 mu tɔnn.
Ankyɛ na nnipa a wɔwɔ amantam pii mu bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ nnua a ɛrewuwu. Wɔ 1906 mu no, William A. Murrill, mycologist wɔ New York Botanical Garden, tintim nyansahu mu asɛm a edi kan a ɛfa yare no ho. Muriel kyerɛe sɛ saa ntontom yi de akisikuru a ɛyɛ kɔkɔɔ-biribiri ba chestnut dua no ntini so, na awiei koraa no ɛma ɛho tew wɔ dua no ho. Sɛ aduannuru ne nsu ntumi nkɔ soro ne fam bio wɔ nnuadewa nkorabata a ɛwɔ nnua no ase no mu a, biribiara a ɛwɔ owu mpɛtea no atifi no bewu.
Nnipa binom ntumi nsusuw-anaasɛ wɔmpɛ sɛ afoforo susuw-dua bi a ɛyera fi kwae mu ho. Wɔ 1911 mu no, na Sober Paragon Chestnut Farm, mmofra sukuu adwumakuw bi a ɛwɔ Pennsylvania, gye di sɛ yare no “sen ehu ara kwa.” Nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔfo a wonni asɛyɛde a wɔde tra hɔ bere tenten. Wɔtoo afuw no mu wɔ 1913. Mfe abien a atwam ni no, Pennsylvania frɛɛ boayikuw bi a wɔyɛ chestnut yare, a wɔmaa wɔn tumi sɛ wɔnsɛe U.S. dɔla 275,000 (sika kɛse saa bere no), na wɔde tumi ahorow a wɔde bɛyɛ nneɛma bi de ako atia ɛyaw yi, a hokwan a wɔwɔ sɛ wɔsɛe nnua wɔ ankorankoro agyapade so ka ho too gua. Nyarewa ho animdefo kamfo kyerɛ sɛ wonyi chestnut nnua nyinaa fi akwansin kakraa bi fi ɔyare mmoawa titiriw no anim na ama wɔanya ogya a wosiw ano. Nanso ɛbɛdaa adi sɛ saa nwansena yi tumi huruw kɔ nnua a yare no nni mu so, na mframa, nnomaa, nkoekoemmoa ne nnipa na ɛka ne nkwaboaa. Wogyaee nhyehyɛe no.
Eduu 1940 no, ɛkame ayɛ sɛ na akutu akɛse biara annya ɔyare no. Ɛnnɛ, wɔapopa dɔla ɔpepepem pii bo. Esiane sɛ fusarium nwura ntumi ntra asase no mu nti, chestnut ntini kɔ so fifi, na emu bɛboro ɔpepem 400 da so ara wɔ kwae no mu. Nanso, Fusarium wilt huu atare bi wɔ oak dua a ɔte no mu a ansɛe nea ɔte no kɛse. Efi hɔ no, ɛtrɛw ntɛmntɛm kɔ chestnut nnua foforo mu na ɛsan bɔ wɔn gu fam, mpɛn pii no bere tenten ansa na wɔadu nhwiren bere mu.
Nnua adwuma no anya nneɛma foforo a wɔde besi ananmu: oak, pine, walnut, ne nsõ. Tanning, adwuma titiriw foforo a ɛde ne ho to chestnut nnua so no adan akɔ nnuru a wɔde yɛ honam ani hwɛbea so. Wɔ akuafo ahiafo pii fam no, biribiara nni hɔ a wɔbɛsesa: dua foforo biara nni hɔ a ɛwɔ hɔ a ɛma akuafo ne wɔn mmoa nya calories ne protein a wontua hwee, wotumi de ho to so na ɛdɔɔso. Yebetumi aka sɛ chestnut blight ma adeyɛ a abu so a ɛne Appalachiansfo kuayɛ a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no ba awiei, na ɛhyɛ nnipa a wɔwɔ mpɔtam hɔ ma wonya nea ɛda adi pefee sɛ wɔbɛpaw: wɔbɛkɔ fango a wotu mu anaasɛ wobetu akɔtra baabi foforo. Abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Donald Davis kyerɛwee wɔ afe 2005 mu sɛ: “Esiane akutu wu nti, wiase nyinaa awuwu, na ama nkwagye ho amanne a atra hɔ bɛboro mfeha anan wɔ Appalachian Mmepɔw so no afi hɔ.”
Powell nyinii wɔ akyirikyiri fi Appalachians ne chestnuts ho. Ne papa som wɔ Wim Asraafo mu na otu kɔɔ n’abusua mu: Indiana, Florida, Germany, ne Maryland apuei fam mpoano. Ɛwom sɛ ɔde n’adwuma dii dwuma wɔ New York de, nanso ne kasa ahorow no kuraa Mfinimfini Atɔe famfo a wɔka no pen ne Kesee Famfo animhwɛ a ɛyɛ anifere nanso wotumi hu no mu. Ne suban a ɛnyɛ den ne sɛnea ɔpam ntade a ɛnyɛ den no boa wɔn ho wɔn ho, na ɛwɔ jeans a ɛte sɛ nea enni awiei a wɔdannan atade a ɛyɛ plaid. N’asɛm a ɔde hyɛ mu paa ne “wow”.
Powell ayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɔbɛyɛ mmoa ho ɔyaresafo kosi sɛ awosu ho ɔbenfo bi bɛhyɛ no bɔ sɛ obenya kuayɛ foforo a ɛyɛ ahabammono a egyina afifide a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae a ebetumi ayɛ n’ankasa tumi a wɔde siw nkoekoemmoa ne nyarewa ano so. “Misusuwii sɛ, wow, ɛnyɛ papa sɛ wobɛyɛ afifide a ebetumi abɔ wo ho ban afi mmoawa a wɔsɛe nnɔbae ho, na enhia sɛ wode nnuru a ekum mmoawa biara petepete so?” Powell kae sɛ. “Nokwarem no, wiase no mufo a aka no nni adwene koro no ara akyi.”
Berɛ a Powell duu Utah State University sukuu a wɔawie wɔ afe 1983 mu no, na ɛnhaw no. Nanso, ɛbaa sɛ ɔde ne ho kɔbɔɔ abɔde a nkwa wom ho ɔbenfo bi aduruyɛdan mu, na na ɔreyɛ mmoawa bi a ebetumi ama blight fungus ayɛ mmerɛw ho adwuma. Mmɔden a wɔbɔe sɛ wɔde mmoawa yi bedi dwuma no ankɔ yiye titiriw: na n’ankasa antrɛw amfi dua so akɔ foforo so, enti na ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ no sɛnea wɔpɛ ma fungal ahorow ankorankoro du du pii. Eyi nyinaa akyi no, Powell ani gyee dua kɛse bi a ɛhwee ase ho asɛm no ho na ɔde nyansahu mu ano aduru mae wɔ mfomso ahorow a ɛyɛ awerɛhow a nnipa ayɛ ho. Ɔkae sɛ: “Esiane sɛ wɔanhwɛ yɛn nneɛma a ɛkɔ wiase nyinaa so yiye nti, yɛde mmoawa a wɔde ɔyare mmoawa ba fi amannɔne bae wɔ akwanhyia mu.” "Misusuwii sɛ: Wow, eyi yɛ anigye. Hokwan wɔ hɔ a mede bɛsan de aba."
Ɛnyɛ Powell ne obi a odi kan a ɔbɔɔ mmɔden sɛ obeyi nneɛma a wɔhwere afi hɔ. Bere a ɛdaa adi pefee sɛ Amerikafo akutu bedi nkogu akyi no, USDA bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wobedua Chinafo akutu nnua, wɔn wɔfase bi a ɛko tia nwura kɛse, na ama wɔate ase sɛ ebia saa mmoa yi betumi asi Amerika akutu ananmu anaa. Nanso, akutu nyin wɔ abɔnten kɛse, na ɛte sɛ nnua a ɛsow aba sen nnua a ɛsow aba. Ná oak nnua ne Amerikafo abran afoforo yɛɛ wɔn ketewaa bi wɔ kwae no mu. Wosiw wɔn nyin kwan, anaasɛ wowuwu ara kwa. Nyansahufo nso bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ wɔbɛbom awo akutu a efi United States ne China, a na wɔwɔ anidaso sɛ wobenya dua bi a ɛwɔ su pa a ɛwɔ abien no nyinaa mu. Mmɔden a aban no bɔe no ankosi hwee, na wogyaee.
Powell kowiee adwuma wɔ State University of New York School of Environmental Science and Forestry, faako a ohyiaa Chuck Maynard, awosu ho ɔbenfo a oduaa nnua wɔ aduruyɛdan mu no. Mfe kakraa bi a atwam ni no, nyansahufo yɛɛ afifide mu ntini a edi kan a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae a ɛde awosu mu nkwaadɔm a ɛma nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa tumi ko tia tawa ka ho de yɛɛ mfiridwuma mu ɔyɛkyerɛ ahorow sen sɛ wɔde bedi dwuma wɔ aguadi mu biara. Maynard (Maynard) fii ase de ne ho hyɛɛ mfiridwuma foforo mu, bere a na ɔrehwehwɛ mfiridwuma a mfaso wɔ so a ɛfa ho no. Saa bere no, na Darling wɔ aba bi ne asɛnnennen bi: Amerikafo akutu a obesiesie.
Wɔ mfe mpempem pii a wɔde ayɛ afifide awo ho atetesɛm mu no, akuafo (ne nyansahufo a wɔyɛ nnansa yi) de afifide ahorow a ɛwɔ su ahorow a wɔpɛ atwa ho ahyia. Afei, wɔfrafra awosu mu nkwaadɔm no bom fi awosu mu, na nkurɔfo paw afrafrade a ɛhyɛ bɔ ma ɛyɛ papa-a ɛsõ, ɛyɛ dɛ kɛse a ɛko tia nnuaba anaa nyarewa. Mpɛn pii no, egye awo ntoatoaso pii ansa na wɔayɛ ade bi. Saa adeyɛ yi yɛ brɛoo na ɛyɛ basaa kakra. Darling susuwii sɛ ebia saa kwan yi bɛma woanya dua a eye te sɛ ne wuram su no anaa. Ɔka kyerɛɛ me sɛ: “Misusuw sɛ yebetumi ayɛ yiye.”
Awosu mu nneɛma a wɔyɛ no kyerɛ sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ so kɛse: sɛ awosu mu abɔde pɔtee bi fi aboa bi a ɛne no nni abusuabɔ mu mpo a, wobetumi apaw no ama atirimpɔw pɔtee bi na wɔde ahyɛ abɔde foforo awosu mu nkwaadɔm mu. (Abɔde a nkwa wom a wɔwɔ awosu mu nkwaadɔm a efi mmoa ahorow mu no ‘wɔsakra wɔn awosu mu nkwaadɔm. Nnansa yi, nyansahufo ayɛ akwan horow a wɔbɛfa so asiesie abɔde a nkwa wom a wɔde wɔn ani asi wɔn so no awosu mu nkwaadɔm tẽẽ.) Saa mfiridwuma yi hyɛ bɔ sɛ wɔbɛyɛ no pɛpɛɛpɛ na wɔayɛ no ntɛmntɛm a ebi mmae da. Powell gye di sɛ ɛte sɛ nea eyi fata yiye ma Amerikafo akutu a ɔfrɛ no “nnua a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛyɛ pɛ”-a ɛyɛ den, ɛware, na ɛwɔ aduan fibea pii, a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nteɛso pɔtee bi pɛ: sɛnea ɛko tia mmoawa a wɔsɛe no.
Dear gye tom. Ɔkae sɛ: “Ɛsɛ sɛ yenya mfiridwumayɛfo wɔ yɛn adwuma no mu.” “Efi adansi so kosi adansi so no eyi yɛ afiri a wɔde yɛ adwuma bi kɛkɛ.”
Powell ne Maynard bu akontaa sɛ ebia ebegye mfe du ansa na wɔahu awosu mu nkwaadɔm a ɛma nipadua no tumi ko tia nyarewa, ayɛ mfiridwuma a wɔde bɛka chestnut awosu mu nkwaadɔm ho, na afei wɔanyin. Powell kae sɛ: “Yɛresusuw ho ara kwa.” "Obiara nni awosu mu nkwaadɔm biara a ɛma fungal tumi ko tia.Yefii ase ankasa fii baabi a hwee nni hɔ."
Darling hwehwɛɛ mmoa fii American Chestnut Foundation, ahyehyɛde bi a wɔnyɛ adwuma a wɔde hwehwɛ mfaso a wɔde sii hɔ wɔ 1980 mfe no mfiase mu hɔ no hɔ. Ne kannifo no ka kyerɛɛ no ​​sɛ wayera titiriw. Wɔasi wɔn bo sɛ wɔbɛma afrafra na wɔda so ara ma wɔn ani da hɔ wɔ awosu mu nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma, a akanyan ɔsɔretia afi nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho animdefo hɔ no ho. Enti, Darling hyehyɛɛ n’ankasa ahyehyɛde a ɛnyɛ nea wɔhwehwɛ mfaso de tuaa awosu mu nneɛma ho adwuma. Powell kae sɛ ahyehyɛde no kyerɛw cheque a edi kan no kɔmaa Maynard ne Powell gyee dɔla 30,000. (Wɔ 1990 mu no, ɔman ahyehyɛde no yɛɛ nsakrae na wogyee Darling kuw a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔtew wɔn ho no toom sɛ wɔn ɔman baa dwumadibea a edi kan, nanso na emufo binom da so ara gye akyinnye anaasɛ wɔtan awosu mu nneɛma a wɔyɛ no koraa.)
Maynard ne Powell reyɛ adwuma. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ntɛm ara na bere nhyehyɛe a wobu akontaa no daa adi sɛ ɛnyɛ nokware. Akwanside a edi kan ne sɛnea wobehu sɛnea wobedua chestnut wɔ aduruyɛdan mu. Maynard bɔɔ mmɔden sɛ ɔde chestnut nhaban ne onyin hormone bɛfrafra plastic petri dish kurukuruwa a emu nnɔ mu, ɔkwan a wɔfa so dua poplars. Ɛbɛdaa adi sɛ eyi nyɛ nokware. Nnua foforo rennya ntini ne nkorabata mfi nkwammoaa titiriw bi mu. Maynard kae sɛ: “Me ne wiase nyinaa kannifo wɔ chestnut nnua a wokum mu.” Nhwehwɛmufo bi a ɔwɔ Georgia Sukuupɔn mu, Scott Merkle (Scott Merkle) awiei koraa no ɔkyerɛɛ Maynard sɛnea obefi pollination mu akɔ Plant chestnuts a edi hɔ a ɛwɔ nkwaboaa mu wɔ nkɔso fã no mu.
Awosu mu abɔde a ɛfata a wobenya-Powell adwuma no nso daa adi sɛ ɛyɛ den. Ɔde mfe pii yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ aduru bi a ekum mmoawa a egyina ɔkɔre awosu so, nanso ogyaee aduru no esiane sɛ na ɛhaw no sɛ ebia ɔmanfo rennye nnua a mfofantɔ wɔ mu nti. Ɔhwehwɛɛ awosu mu abɔde bi nso a ɛko tia mmoawa a wɔsɛe no wɔ chestnuts mu, nanso ohui sɛ dua no ho banbɔ hwehwɛ awosu mu nkwaadɔm pii (anyɛ yiye koraa no, wohuu asia). Afei, wɔ 1997 mu no, ne yɔnko dwumayɛni bi fii nyansahu nhyiam bi mu san bae na ɔkyerɛw nsɛm a wɔabɔ no mua ne sɛnea wɔkae. Powell hyɛɛ asɛmti bi a wɔato din “Oxalate oxidase a wɔda no adi wɔ afifide a wɔadan wɔn awosu mu no ma ɛko tia oxalate ne fungi a ɛma oxalate” nsow. Na Powell fi ne nhwehwɛmu a ɔyɛe wɔ mmoawa ho no mu nim sɛ wilt fungi yi oxalic acid kum chestnut nnua na ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛyam. Powell hui sɛ sɛ chestnut tumi yɛ n’ankasa oxalate oxidase (protein titiriw bi a ebetumi abubu oxalate) a, ɛnde ebia ebetumi abɔ ne ho ban. Ɔkae sɛ: “Ɛno ne me Eureka bere no.”
Ɛbɛdaa adi sɛ afifide pii wɔ awosu mu abɔde bi a ɛma wotumi yɛ oxalate oxidase. Powell nyaa awi soronko bi fii nhwehwɛmufo a ɔmaa ɔkasa no hɔ. Linda Polin McGuigan a ɔyɛ sukuuni a wawie sukuu no maa “gene gun” mfiridwuma no yɛɛ yiye de tow awosu mu nkwaadɔm gu chestnut nkwaboaa mu, a na ɔwɔ anidaso sɛ wobetumi de ahyɛ awotwaa no DNA mu. Awosu mu abɔde no traa awotwaa no mu bere tiaa bi, nanso afei ɛyerae. Nhwehwɛmu kuw no gyaee saa kwan yi na wɔdan kɔɔ ɔyare mmoawa bi a wɔyɛɛ ɔkwan bi a wɔfa so twitwa abɔde a nkwa wom afoforo DNA mu na wɔde wɔn awosu mu nkwaadɔm hyɛ mu bere tenten ni no so. Wɔ abɔde mu no, mmoawa nketenkete de awosu mu nkwaadɔm a ɛhyɛ ɔyarefo no ma ɔyɛ mmoawa aduan ka ho. Awosu ho animdefo tow hyɛɛ saa ɔyare mmoawa yi so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a obetumi de awosu mu abɔde biara a nyansahufo no pɛ ahyɛ mu. McGuigan nyaa tumi a ɔde awi awosu mu nkwaadɔm ne protein ahorow a wɔde hyɛ agyiraehyɛde ka chestnut nkwaboaa ho a wotumi de ho to so. Sɛ wɔde afiri a wɔde hwɛ nneɛma nketenkete na ɛhyerɛn protein no mu a, protein no bɛma kanea a ɛyɛ ahabammono aba, na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde ahyɛ mu yiye. (Kuw no gyaee protein a wɔde hyɛ agyiraehyɛde a wɔde di dwuma ntɛm ara—na obiara mpɛ dua a ebetumi ahyerɛn.) Maynard frɛɛ ɔkwan no sɛ “ade a ɛyɛ fɛ sen biara wɔ wiase.”
Bere kɔɔ so no, Maynard ne Powell sii chestnut a wɔde boaboa nneɛma ano, a mprempren ɛtrɛw kɔ 1960 mfe no mu kwae mu nhwehwɛmu dan a ɛyɛ nwonwa a wɔde birikisi ne atɛkyɛ ayɛ no abansoro pii so, ne “Biotech Accelerator” adwumayɛbea foforo a ɛhyerɛn a ɛwɔ sukuupɔn no akyi no nso. Adeyɛ no di kan hwehwɛ sɛ wɔpaw nkwaboaa a efifi fi nkwammoaa a wɔn awosu yɛ pɛ mu (nkwaboaa dodow no ara a wɔayɛ wɔ lab no nyɛ eyi, enti mfaso nni so sɛ wɔbɛyɛ clones) na wɔde awi awosu mu nkwaadɔm ahyɛ mu. Nkwammoaa a ɛwɔ nkwaboaa mu, te sɛ agar, yɛ ade a ɛte sɛ pudding a woyi fi atɛkyɛ mu. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na awotwaa no adan dua no, nhwehwɛmufo no de ahoɔdennuru a ɛma onyin kaa ho. Wobetumi de plastic nkuku ɔhaha pii a ɛte sɛ kube a chestnut nnua nketenkete a enni ntini wom ahyɛ shelf so wɔ kanea a ano yɛ den a ɛhyerɛn ase. Awiei koraa no, nyansahufo no de ntini a ɛma ntini mu yɛ den dii dwuma, duaa wɔn mfitiase nnua no guu nkuku a dɔte ahyɛ mu ma mu, na wɔde guu ɔdan bi a ɛma wotumi nyin a wɔhwɛ ɔhyew so mu. Ɛnyɛ nwonwa sɛ nnua a ɛwɔ aduruyɛdan no mu no tebea nyɛ papa wɔ abɔnten. Enti, nhwehwɛmufo no de wɔn bɔɔ wuram nnua ho sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobenya nnua a ɛyɛ den nanso ɛda so ara tumi gyina ano de sɔɔ afuw mu hwɛe.
Awɔw bere abien a atwam ni no, Hannah Pilkey, sukuuni a wawie sukuu wɔ Powell nhwehwɛmu dan mu no kyerɛɛ me sɛnea mɛyɛ eyi. Ɔduaa ntontom a ɛde ɔyare mmoawa ba no wɔ plastic petri kyɛnsee ketewaa bi mu. Wɔ saa ɔkwan a wɔato mu yi mu no, ɔyare mmoawa a ɛyɛ borɔdɔma a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no hwɛ sɛ ɛnyɛ hu na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛyɛ fɛ. Ɛyɛ den sɛ yebesusuw sɛ ɛno na ɛde nnipa pii wuwu ne ɔsɛe ba.
Ɔkraman a ɔwɔ fam no kotow fam, hyɛɛ dua ketewaa bi fã a ne kɛse yɛ milimita anum agyirae, de akuturuku twitwaa mu mprɛnsa pɛpɛɛpɛ, na ɔde akisikuru sraa kuru no so. Ɔde plastic sini bi sɔɔ wɔn ano. Ɔkae sɛ: “Ɛte sɛ band-aid.” Esiane sɛ eyi yɛ dua a “ɛhyɛ so” a entumi nnyina ano nti, ɔhwɛ kwan sɛ borɔdɔma yare no bɛtrɛw ntɛmntɛm afi baabi a wɔde nnuru no ahyɛ mu no na awiei koraa no atwa ntini nketewa no ho ahyia. Ɔkyerɛɛ me nnua bi a awi awosu mu nkwaadɔm a na wadi kan ayɛ ho adwuma wom. Ɔyare mmoawa no wɔ baabi a wɔatwa no nkutoo, te sɛ anofafa a ɛyɛ tratraa a ɛyɛ borɔdɔma a ɛbɛn ano ketewa no.
Wɔ afe 2013 mu no, Maynard ne Powell de too gua sɛ wɔadi nkonim wɔ Transgenic Research mu: mfeɛ 109 akyi a wɔhunuu Amerikafoɔ chestnut yareɛ no, wɔyɛɛ Nnua a ɛte sɛ nea ɛbɔ ne ho ban, sɛ mpo fungi dodoɔ a ɛyɛ nwura tow hyɛ wɔn so a. Ɔde bɛyɛ dɔla 250,000 hyɛɛ wɔn ntoboa a odi kan na ɔyɛɛ ayamye sen biara no anuonyam, na nhwehwɛmufo de ne din ato nnua so. Wɔfrɛ eyi Darling 58.
Wɔyɛɛ Amerika Chestnut Fapem no New York Chapter afe afe nhyiamu wɔ ahɔhodan bi a ɛnyɛ den mu wɔ New Paltz akyi wɔ Kwasida bi a osu tɔɔ wɔ Ɔkɔtɔberɛ 2018. Nnipa bɛyɛ 50 na wɔboaboaa wɔn ho ano. Ná saa nhyiam yi fã bi yɛ nyansahu nhyiam na na ne fã bi yɛ chestnut nsakrae nhyiam. Wɔ nhyiam dan ketewa bi akyi no, asɔremma no sesaa Ziploc bag ahorow a nnuaba ayɛ mu ma. Saa nhyiam yi ne bere a edi kan wɔ mfe 28 mu a Darling anaa Maynard ankɔ. Akwahosan ho haw ahorow maa wɔn baanu nyinaa kɔɔ akyiri. Allen Nichols a ɔyɛ kuw no titrani no ka kyerɛɛ me sɛ: “Yɛayɛ eyi akyɛ, na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ afe biara yɛyɛ komm ma awufo.” Ne nyinaa mu no, adwene no da so ara yɛ nea anidaso wom: dua a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae wɔ awosu mu no atwam mfe pii a wɔde ayɛ ahobammɔ ne sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma yiye ho sɔhwɛ ahorow a emu yɛ den.
Ti no mufo de nnianim asɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri mae wɔ tebea a chestnut dua kɛse biara a ɛte New York Mantam mu wom ho. Pilkey ne sukuufo afoforo a wɔawie sukuu no de sɛnea wɔboaboa pollen ano na wɔkora so, sɛnea wodua chestnut wɔ dan mu akanea ase, ne sɛnea wɔde blight yare hyɛ asase mu ma na ama nnua nkwa nna akyɛ no bae. Nnipa a wɔn koko yɛ cashew a wɔn mu pii de pollinate na edua wɔn ankasa nnua no bisabisaa nyansahufo nkumaa nsɛm.
Bowell de ne ho too fam, na ɔhyɛɛ nea ɛte sɛ atade a ɛnyɛ aban de ma ti yi: atade a ɛwɔ kɔn mu a wɔde ahyɛ jeans mu. N’adwene biako akyi di-mfe aduasa adwuma a wɔahyehyɛ atwa Herb Darling botae a ɛne sɛ ɔbɛsan anya chestnuts ho ahyia no ho yɛ na wɔ nhomanimfo nyansahufo mu, a wɔtaa yɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ mfe anum sikasɛm kyinhyia mu, na afei Wɔde nea efi mu ba a ɛhyɛ bɔ no hyɛ afoforo nsa ma wɔde di gua. Don Leopold, yɔnko dwumayɛni bi a ɔwɔ Powell Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Nyansahu ne Kwae Ho Dwumadibea no ka kyerɛɛ me sɛ: “Ɔyɛ aso paa na ɔteɛ so.” "Ɔhyɛ ntama no. Nneɛma afoforo pii ntwetwe n'adwene. Bere a awiei koraa no nhwehwɛmu no nyaa nkɔso no, New York Ɔman Sukuupɔn (SUNY) so ahwɛfo ne no dii nkitaho na wɔsrɛɛ sɛ wɔmma no tumi krataa mma ne dua no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a sukuupɔn no betumi anya so mfaso, nanso Powell ampene so. Ɔkae sɛ nnua a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae te sɛ tete akutu na ɛsom nnipa. Powell nkurɔfo wɔ saa dan yi mu.
Nanso ɔbɔɔ wɔn kɔkɔ sɛ: Bere a wɔadi mfiridwuma mu akwanside dodow no ara so akyi no, ebia afei de nnua a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae no behyia asɛnnennen kɛse: U.S. aban. Adapɛn kakraa bi a atwam ni no, Powell de fael a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ nkratafa 3,000 kɔmaa U.S. Kuadwuma Dwumadibea no Mmoa ne Afifide Akwahosan Nhwehwɛmu Dwumadibea a ɛyɛ wɔn asɛyɛde sɛ wɔpene afifide a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae so no. Eyi na efi adwumayɛbea no pene nhyehyɛe no ase: hwɛ akwammisa krataa no mu, hwehwɛ ɔmanfo adwene, yɛ nsɛm a ɛfa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho, bisa ɔmanfo adwene bio na si gyinae. Ebia adwuma yi begye mfe pii. Sɛ wɔansi gyinae biara a, adwuma no betumi agyae. (Wɔnnya mmuee ɔmanfo mmuae bere a edi kan no ano.)
Nhwehwɛmufo no ayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔde adesrɛ afoforo bɛkɔ akɔma Aduan ne Nnuru Dwumadibea no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobetumi ahwɛ sɛnea nnuaba a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae wɔ awosu mu no yɛ aduan a ahobammɔ wom, na Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Banbɔ Dwumadibea no bɛhwɛ sɛnea dua yi nya nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so nkɛntɛnso wɔ Ɔman Mmara a Ɛfa Nnuru a Wɔde Ko Tia Nwansena Ho no ase, a wɔhwehwɛ ma afifide a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae nyinaa wɔ. abɔde a nkwa wom. “Eyi yɛ nea ɛyɛ den sen nyansahu!” obi a ɔwɔ atiefo no mu kae sɛ.
"Aane." Powell penee so. “Nyansahu yɛ anigye. Ɛyɛ abasamtu.” (Akyiri yi ɔka kyerɛɛ me sɛ: “Nnwumakuw ahorow abiɛsa a wɔhwɛ so no yɛ ade a ɛboro so. Ekum nneɛma foforo a wɔyɛ wɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho banbɔ mu ankasa.”)
Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔakyerɛ sɛ wɔn dua no yɛ nea asiane biara nni ho no, Powell kuw no yɛɛ sɔhwɛ ahorow. Wɔde oxalate oxidase maa ntɛtea nsu mu nsu. Wɔsusuw sɛnea fungi a mfaso wɔ so nyin wɔ asase no mu. Wogyaw nhaban no wɔ nsu no mu na wɔhwehwɛɛ nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ t. Wɔanhu nkɛntɛnso bɔne biara wɔ nhwehwɛmu ahorow no mu biara mu-nokwarem no, nokwarem no, sɛnea aduan a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae wɔ awosu mu no yɛ adwuma ye sen nnua bi a wɔansakra no nhaban. Nyansahufo de nnuaba no kɔɔ Oak Ridge National Laboratory ne aduruyɛdan afoforo a ɛwɔ Tennessee sɛ wɔnkɔhwehwɛ mu, na wɔanhu nsonsonoe biara wɔ nnuaba a nnua a wɔansakra mu na ɛyɛ no ho.
Ebia nea efi mu ba a ɛtete saa bɛma mmarahyɛfo awerɛhyem. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔrensɔ wɔn a wɔyɛ adwumaden a wɔsɔre tia GMO ahorow no ani. John Dougherty, nyansahufo bi a wakɔ pɛnhyen a ofi Monsanto, de afotu adwuma maa Powell kwa. Ɔfrɛɛ saa asɔretiafo yi “ɔsɔretia.” Mfe du du pii ni na nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho ahyehyɛde ahorow abɔ kɔkɔ sɛ awosu mu nkwaadɔm a wɔde bɛkɔ mmoa ahorow a wɔwɔ akyirikyiri ntam no benya nea wɔanhyɛ da, te sɛ “nwura a ɛkyɛn so” a wɔbɛbɔ a ɛboro abɔde mu afifide so, anaasɛ amannɔne awosu mu nkwaadɔm a ebetumi ama ɔyare mmoawa no aba no bɛba The possibility of harmful mutations in the DNA of the species. Wɔhaw wɔn ho nso sɛ nnwumakuw de awosu mu nneɛma di dwuma de nya tumi krataa na wɔhyɛ abɔde a nkwa wom so.
Mprempren, Powell kae sɛ onnya sika biara mfi nnwuma mu tẽẽ, na osii so dua sɛ sika a wɔde ma aduruyɛdan no “nkyekyere.” Nanso, Brenda Jo McManama, a ɔyɛ ahyehyɛdeɛ bi a wɔfrɛ no “Indigenous Environmental Network” ho nhyehyɛeɛ no kyerɛɛ apam bi a wɔyɛeɛ wɔ afe 2010 mu a Monsanto maa Chestnut Foundation ne ne mfɛfoɔ adwumakuo New York Ti no maa tumi krataa mmienu a ɛfa awosuo mu nsakraeɛ ho. (Powell kaa sɛ nnwuma ntoboa, a Monsanto ka ho, nnu n’adwumayɛ sika nyinaa mu 4%.) McManama susu sɛ Monsanto (a Bayer nyaa no wɔ afe 2018 mu) rehwehwɛ wɔ kokoam sɛ ɔbɛnya tumi krataa denam nea ɛte sɛ nea ɛbɛyɛ daakye a wɔbɛsan ayɛ dua no bio no so. Adwuma a pɛsɛmenkominya nnim. Ɔkaa no pen sɛ: “Monsan nyinaa yɛ bɔne.”
Powell kaa sɛ tumi krataa a ɛwɔ afe 2010 apam no mu no atwam, na ɛnam ne dua no ho nsɛm a ɔdaa no adi wɔ nyansahu nwoma mu nti, wahwɛ sɛ wɔrentumi nnya dua no ho tumi krataa. Nanso ohui sɛ eyi renyi dadwen nyinaa mfi hɔ. Ɔkaa sɛ, “Minim sɛ obi bɛka sɛ woyɛ asau kɛkɛ ma Monsanto.” “Dɛn na wubetumi ayɛ?Biribiara nni hɔ a wubetumi ayɛ.”
Bɛyɛ mfe anum a atwam ni no, Amerika Chestnut Fapem no akannifo de baa awiei sɛ wontumi mfa afrafra nkutoo so du wɔn botae ahorow ho, enti wogyee Powell awosu mu nneɛma ho nhyehyɛe no toom. Saa gyinaesi yi de adwene a enhyia bae. Wɔ Oforisuo 2019 mu no, Massachusetts-Rhode Island Chapter of the Foundation titrani, Lois Breault-Melican, gyaee adwuma no, na ɔfaa Global Justice Ecology Project (Global Justice Project), ahyehyɛdeɛ a ɛko tia awosuo mu nkwaadɔm mfiridwuma a ɛwɔ Buffalo. Justice Ecology Project) akyinnyegye; ne kunu Denis Melican nso fii bagua no mu. Dennis ka kyerɛɛ me sɛ na ɛhaw awarefo no titiriw sɛ ebia Powell chestnuts no bɛda adi sɛ ɛyɛ “Trojan pɔnkɔ”, na ɛno buee kwan maa aguadi nnua afoforo a wɔde supercharged bɛhyɛ mu denam awosu mu nneɛma a wɔde yɛ adwuma so.
Susan Offutt, kuayɛ sikasɛm ho ɔbenfoɔ, som sɛ Ɔman Nyansahu, Mfiridwuma ne Aduruyɛ Boayikuo a ɛyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ kwaeɛ mu abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom ho mfiridwuma ho wɔ afe 2018. Ɔkyerɛɛ sɛ aban no mmara nhyehyɛeɛ no twe adwene si asɛm ketewa a ɛfa abɔdeɛ mu asiane ho no so, na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛnsusuu asetena mu nsɛm a ɛtrɛ, te sɛ deɛ wɔn a wɔsɔre tia GMO de baeɛ no ho da. “Dɛn ne mfaso ankasa a ɛwɔ kwae no so?” obisae, sɛ ɔhaw bi ho nhwɛso no, adeyɛ no ansiesie. “So kwae ahorow wɔ n’ankasa mfaso horow? So yɛwɔ abrabɔ fam asɛyɛde sɛ yebesusuw eyi ho bere a yɛresisi gyinae sɛ yɛde yɛn ho bɛhyɛ mu no?”
Nyansahufo dodow no ara a me ne wɔn akasa no nni ntease pii a enti ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhaw wɔn ho wɔ Powell nnua ho, efisɛ kwae no asɛe kɛse: nnua a wotwa, wotu fam, nkɔso, ne nkoekoemmoa ne nyarewa a enni awiei a ɛsɛe nnua. Wɔn mu no, wɔada no adi sɛ chestnut wilt yɛ An opening ceremony. Gary Lovett, kwae mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho ɔbenfo wɔ Cary Ecosystem Institute a ɛwɔ Millbrook, New York, kae sɛ: “Yɛde abɔde foforo a edi mũ reba bere nyinaa.” “Nkɛntɛnso a chestnut a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae nya no sua koraa.”
Donald Waller, kwae mu nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho ɔbenfo a ɔkɔɔ pɛnhyen nnansa yi wɔ Wisconsin-Madison Sukuupɔn mu no kɔɔ akyiri sen saa. Ɔka kyerɛɛ me sɛ: “Ɔfã biako no, meka kari pɛ kakra wɔ asiane ne akatua ntam.Ɔfã foforo no, mekɔ so twitwiw me ti kɛkɛ hwehwɛ asiane ahorow.” Ebia dua a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae yi de asiane aba kwae no so. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, “kratafa a ɛwɔ akatua no ase no yɛ nea ink ayɛ ma kɛkɛ.” Ɔkae sɛ awiei koraa no, chestnut a ɛko tia nwura no bedi nkonim wɔ kwae a wɔako yi mu. Nkurɔfo hia anidaso. Nkurɔfo hia sɛnkyerɛnnede ahorow. ” .
Powell taa yɛ komm, nanso wɔn a wogye akyinnye wɔ awosu mu nneɛma ho no betumi awosow no. Ɔkae sɛ: “Ntease nnim mma me.” “Wɔnnyina nyansahu so.” Sɛ mfiridwumayɛfo yɛ kar anaa smartphone a eye a, obiara nwiinwii, enti ɔpɛ sɛ ohu nea enye wɔ nnua a wɔayɛ no yiye ho. Powell kae sɛ: “Eyi yɛ adwinnade a ebetumi aboa.” “Dɛn nti na woka sɛ yentumi mfa saa adwinnade yi nni dwuma?Yebetumi de Phillips skrudraiver adi dwuma, nanso ɛnyɛ skrudraiver a ɛyɛ daa, ne nea ɛne no bɔ abira?”
Wɔ October 2018 mfiase no, me ne Powell kɔɔ afuw mu gyinabea bi a ɛnyɛ den wɔ Syracuse anafo fam. Ná ɔwɔ anidaso sɛ Amerika chestnut ahorow no daakye bɛkɔ anim. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ beae no yɛ amamfõ, na ɛyɛ mmeae kakraa bi a wɔma kwan ma nnua nyin no mu biako. Pine ne larch mfuw atenten a efi nhwehwɛmu adwuma bi a wɔagyaw hɔ bere tenten mu aba no dan kɔ apuei fam, twe wɔn ho fi mframa a ɛrebɔ no ho, na ɛma mpɔtam hɔ te nka sɛ ɛyɛ hu kakra.
Nhwehwɛmufo Andrew Newhouse a ɔwɔ Powell aduruyɛdan mu reyɛ nnua a eye sen biara ma nyansahufo no biako ho adwuma dedaw, wuram akutu bi a efi Virginia kesee fam. Dua no tenten bɛyɛ anammɔn 25 na enyin wɔ chestnut turo bi a wɔahyehyɛ no kwa a wɔde akraman ban a ne sorokɔ yɛ anammɔn 10 atwa ho ahyia mu. Ná wɔde sukuu bag no kyekyeree dua no nkorabata bi ano. Newhouse kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ na plastic kotoku a ɛwɔ mu no akɔhyɛ Darling 58 pollen a nyansahufo bisae wɔ June mu no mu, bere a akyi dade kotoku a wɔde ahama ayɛ no maa akraman no twee wɔn ho fii burrs a ɛrenyin ho. United States Kuadwuma Dwumadibea no hwɛ nhyehyɛe no nyinaa so denneennen; ansa na wɔayi mmara no afi hɔ no, ɛsɛ sɛ woyi pollen anaa nnuaba a efi nnua a wɔde awosu mu nkwaadɔm aka ho wɔ ban no mu anaa nhwehwɛmufo no aduruyɛdan mu no fi mu.
Newhouse yɛɛ nkorabata no a wɔde twitwa nnua a wotumi twetwe no ho adwuma. Bere a ɔde hama retwe no, agyan no bubui na kotoku no hwee ase. Newhouse tu kɔɔ baa dwumadibea a edi hɔ a wɔde bag ahyɛ mu no ntɛm ara na ɔsan yɛɛ saa. Powell boaboaa nkotoku a ahwe ase no ano de guu plastic nwura kotoku kɛse bi mu, te sɛ nea wɔde nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu di dwuma no ara pɛ.
Bere a wɔsan kɔɔ aduruyɛdan no mu no, Newhouse ne Hannah Pilkey guu kotoku no mu na woyii nnuaba a ɛyɛ bruu fii burrs a ɛyɛ ahabammono no mu ntɛm ara. Wɔhwɛ yiye na wɔamma nsɔe no ankɔ honam ani, a ɛyɛ adwuma mu asiane wɔ chestnut nhwehwɛmu mu. Bere bi a atwam no, na wɔn ani gye nnuaba a ɛsom bo a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae wɔ awosu mu nyinaa ho. Saa bere yi de, awiei koraa no, wonyaa pii: bɛboro 1,000. Pirkey kae sɛ: “Yɛn nyinaa reyɛ asaw nketewa a ɛyɛ anigye.”
Akyiri yi saa awia no, Powell de chestnuts no kɔɔ Neil Patterson adwumayɛbea a ɛwɔ abrannaa so no. Ná ɛyɛ Abibifo Da (Columbus Da), na na Patterson, ESF Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Abibifo ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia So no Ɔkwankyerɛfo Boafo no fi sukuupɔn no fã anan mu biako, faako a odii aborɔfo aduan ho ɔyɛkyerɛ bi anim bae nkyɛe. Ne mma baanu ne ne wɔfase redi agoru wɔ kɔmputa so wɔ adwumayɛbea hɔ. Obiara yii nnuadewa na odii. Powell de ahonu kae sɛ: “Wɔda so ara yɛ ahabammono kakra.”
Powell akyɛde no yɛ nea wɔde di dwuma pii. Ɔrekyekyɛ aba, a ɔwɔ anidaso sɛ ɔde Patterson ntam nkitahodi no bedi dwuma de adua akutu wɔ mmeae foforo, baabi a wobetumi anya nsu mu nsu a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae wɔ awosu mu wɔ mfe kakraa bi mu. Ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ chestnut nkitahodi a ɛyɛ ahokokwaw mu nso.
Bere a ESF faa Patterson adwuma wɔ afe 2014 mu no, ɔtee sɛ Powell resɔ nnua a wɔayɛ no awosu mu nsakrae ahwɛ, a ɛne Onondaga Nation Resident Territory ntam kwan yɛ akwansin kakraa bi pɛ. Nea etwa to no wɔ kwae a ɛwɔ Syracuse anafo fam akwansin kakraa bi mu. Patterson hui sɛ sɛ adwuma no di nkonim a, awiei koraa no, awosu mu nkwaadɔm a ɛko tia nyarewa no bɛhyɛn asase no so na wɔne akutu a aka a ɛwɔ hɔ no atwa, na ɛnam so asakra kwae a ɛho hia ma Onodaga nipasu no. Ɔtee nsɛm a ɛhaw adwene a ɛrema wɔn a wɔyɛ adwumaden, a ebinom a wofi aborɔfo nkurow mu ka ho, asɔre atia mmoawa a wɔayɛ wɔn awosu mu nsakrae wɔ mmeae afoforo nso ho asɛm. Sɛ nhwɛso no, wɔ afe 2015 mu no, Yurok abusuakuw no baraa GMO a wɔde asie wɔ California Atifi fam esiane sɛ na ɛhaw wɔn sɛ ebetumi ayɛ fĩ wɔ wɔn nnɔbae ne salmon mpataayi mu nti.
Patterson ka kyerɛɛ me sɛ: “Mihu sɛ eyi too yɛn wɔ ha, anyɛ yiye koraa no, ɛsɛ sɛ yɛbɔ nkɔmmɔ.” Wɔ afe 2015 Environmental Protection Agency nhyiamu a ESF yɛeɛ no, Powell maa ɔkasa a wɔasua no yie kyerɛɛ New York aborɔfoɔ mufoɔ. Ɔkasa no akyi no, Patterson kae sɛ akannifo pii kae sɛ: “Ɛsɛ sɛ yedua nnua!” Wɔn anigye no maa Patterson ho dwiriw wɔn. Ɔkae sɛ: “Ná menhwɛ kwan.”
Nanso, nkɔmmɔ a wɔbɔe akyiri yi daa no adi sɛ wɔn mu kakraa bi na wɔkae dwuma a chestnut dua di wɔ n’amammerɛ amammerɛ mu no ankasa. Nhwehwɛmu a Patterson yɛe wɔ akyi no ka kyerɛɛ no ​​sɛ wɔ bere a na asetra mu basabasayɛ ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia sɛe bere koro mu no, na U.S. aban no de nhyehyɛe kɛse bi a ɛtrɛw a wɔhyɛ wɔn ma wɔayi wɔn afi asraafo mu na wɔde wɔn akɔtra wɔn mu redi dwuma, na ɔyaredɔm no aba. Te sɛ nneɛma afoforo pii no, ɛhɔnom chestnut amammerɛ a ɛwɔ mpɔtam hɔ no ayera. Patterson hui nso sɛ adwene a nkurɔfo kura wɔ awosu mu nneɛma ho no gu ahorow kɛse. Onoda lacrosse dua yɛfo Alfie Jacques ho pere no sɛ ɔde chestnut nnua bɛyɛ nnua na ɔboa adwuma no. Afoforo susuw sɛ asiane no sõ dodo ma enti wɔsɔre tia nnua.
Patterson te saa gyinabea abien yi ase. Ɔka kyerɛɛ me nnansa yi sɛ: “Ɛte sɛ telefon a wokura kyin ne me ba.” Ɔkyerɛɛ sɛ ne ba no firi sukuu resan aba fie ɛnam coronavirus yareɛ no nti. "Da bi mekɔɔ ne nyinaa mu; sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkɔ so adi nkitaho no, wɔresua ade. Ade kyee no, te sɛ, momma yenyi saa nneɛma no mfi hɔ." Nanso mfe pii a ɔne Powell bɔe no maa n’adwenem naayɛ no yɛɛ mmerɛw. Ɛnkyɛe koraa na ohui sɛ sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, Darling nnua 58 mma rennya awosu mu nkwaadɔm a wɔde aba no, na ɛno kyerɛ sɛ mfitiase wuram akutu no bɛkɔ so anyin wɔ kwae no mu. Patterson kae sɛ eyi yii ɔhaw kɛse bi fii hɔ.
Wɔ yɛn nsrahwɛ mu wɔ October mu no, ɔka kyerɛɛ me sɛ nea enti a wantumi anboa GM adwuma no koraa ne sɛ na onnim sɛ ebia Powell dwen nnipa a wɔne dua no di nkitaho no ho anaasɛ dua no. Patterson bɔɔ ne moma so sɛ: “Minnim nea ɛwɔ hɔ ma no.” Ɔkae sɛ, sɛ wobetumi asan de abusuabɔ a ɛda onipa ne akutu ntam no aba bio a, na ɛho hia sɛ wɔsan nya dua yi.
Nea ɛbɛyɛ na watumi ayɛ eyi no, ɔkae sɛ wayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ ɔde nnuaba a Powell de maa no no bɛyɛ chestnut pudding ne ngo. Ɔde saa nnuan yi bɛba Onondaga asasesin mu na wato nsa afrɛ nkurɔfo ma wɔasan ahu wɔn tete nneɛma a ɛyɛ dɛ no bio. Ɔkae sɛ: “Mewɔ anidaso sɛ ɛte saa, ɛte sɛ nea worekyia w’adamfo dedaw bi, nea ehia ara ne sɛ wufi baabi a wugyinaa bere a etwaam no foro bɔs no.”
Powell nyaa akyɛde a ɛyɛ dɔla ɔpepem 3.2 fii Templeton World Charity Foundation hɔ wɔ January mu, a ɛbɛma Powell akɔ n’anim bere a ɔrehwehwɛ mmarahyɛ bagua ahorow no mu na ɔtrɛw ne nhwehwɛmu a ɔde si so no mu fi awosu mu nneɛma so kosi nokwasɛm ankasa a ɛwɔ asase a wosiesiee no nyinaa mu no. Sɛ aban no ma no nhyira a, Powell ne nyansahufo a wofi Amerika Chestnut Foundation befi ase ama kwan ma ayɛ nhwiren. Wɔbɛbɔ pollen ne n’awosu mu nkwaadɔm a ɛboro so no anaasɛ wɔbɛbɔ no agu nnua afoforo nkuku a ɛretwɛn no so, na nkrabea a ɛbɛba akutu a wɔayɛ mu nsakrae so no bɛda adi a ɛnyɛ tebea a wɔhwɛ so a wɔde sɔ hwɛ no. Sɛ yɛfa no sɛ wobetumi akura awosu mu abɔde no mu wɔ afuw mu ne aduruyɛdan mu nyinaa a, eyi yɛ nea wontumi nsi pi, na ɛbɛtrɛw wɔ kwae mu-eyi yɛ abɔde a nkwa wom ho asɛm a nyansahufo pɛ nanso wɔn a wɔyɛ katee suro.
Bere a wɔde chestnut dua bi ahome awie a, so wubetumi atɔ bi? Yiw, Newhouse kae sɛ, ɛno ne nhyehyɛe no. Wɔabisa nhwehwɛmufo dapɛn biara bere a nnua wɔ hɔ.
Wɔ wiase a Powell, Newhouse ne ne mfɛfo te mu no, ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobɛte nka sɛ ɔman no nyinaa retwɛn wɔn dua no. Nanso, sɛ wode kar kɔ atifi fam kwan tiaa bi fi nhwehwɛmu afuw no mu fa Syracuse kurow no mfinimfini a, ɛma yɛkae sɛnea nsakrae kɛse aba nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ne ɔmanfo mu fi bere a Amerikafo akutu yerae no. Chestnut Heights Drive wɔ kurow ketewa bi mu wɔ Syracuse atifi fam. Ɛyɛ abɔnten a nnipa te so a kar akwan a ɛtrɛw, sare a ɛyɛ fɛ, na ɛtɔ mmere bi a nnua nketewa a wɔde siesie fie a ɛwɔ anim gyaade. . Adwumakuw a wɔyɛ nnua no nhwehwɛ sɛ wɔsan kanyan akutu. Kuadwuma mu sikasɛm a wɔde hwɛ ne ho a egyina akutu so no ayera koraa. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ obiara nnyi nnuaba a ɛyɛ mmerɛw na ɛyɛ dɛ mfi burrs a ɛyɛ den dodo mu. Ebia nnipa dodow no ara nnim mpo sɛ biribiara nni kwae no mu.
Migyinaa hɔ na midii piknik anwummere aduan wɔ Ɔtare Onondaga ho wɔ nsõ dua kɛse fitaa no sunsuma ase. Ná nnua a ɛyɛ ahabammono a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛhyerɛn ahyɛ dua no so. Mitumi hu ntokuru a nkoekoemmoa no ayɛ wɔ dua no ho. Efi ase hwere ne nhaban na ebetumi awu na ahwe ase wɔ mfe kakraa bi akyi. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na mafi me fie wɔ Maryland aba ha ara kwa no, mede kar twaa nsõ nnua mpempem pii a awuwu ho, a na pitchfork nkorabata a ɛda hɔ kwa a ɛreforo wɔ ɔkwan no nkyɛn.
Wɔ Appalachia no, adwumakuw no atwitwa nnua afi Bitlahua beae kɛse bi de anya fango wɔ ase hɔ. Fango man no koma ne kan chestnut man no koma hyia. Amerika Chestnut Foundation ne ahyehyɛde ahorow a wodua nnua wɔ fango a wotu a wɔagyaw hɔ so yɛɛ adwuma, na mprempren chestnut nnua nyin wɔ asase a ɛyɛ hekta mpempem pii a asiane no aka no so. Saa nnua yi yɛ nnua a wɔde afrafra a mmoawa a wɔsɛe no ntumi nsɛe no no fã bi pɛ, nanso ebia ɛbɛyɛ nea ɛne nnua awo ntoatoaso foforo a da bi wobetumi ne tete kwae mu abran no asi akan no yɛ ade koro.
May a etwaam no, mframa bɔne a ɛwɔ wim no duu ɔpepem biara mu nkyem 414.8 nea edi kan. Te sɛ nnua afoforo no, Amerikafo akutu a ɛnyɛ nsu mu duru bɛyɛ carbon no fã. Nneɛma kakraa bi na wubetumi adua wɔ asase bi so a ebetumi atwe carbon afi mframa mu ntɛmntɛm asen chestnut dua a ɛrenyin. Bere a eyi wɔ yɛn adwenem no, asɛm bi a wotintimii wɔ Wall Street Journal mu afe a etwaam no de nyansahyɛ mae sɛ, “Momma yɛnkɔyɛ afuw foforo a wɔde afuw ayɛ.”