Wɔ April 20, 2023 no, U.S. Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia So (EPA) de too gua sɛ wɔayi mmara bi a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ Ɔfã 6(a) a ɛwɔ Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) a ɛbara methylene chloride a wɔde di dwuma dodow no ara ase no adi. EPA kae sɛ asiane ho nhwehwɛmu a enni nnyinaso a wɔyɛe wɔ dichloromethane ho no fi asiane ahorow a ɛbata adwumayɛfo, adwumayɛfo a wɔmfa nni dwuma (ONUs), adetɔfo, ne wɔn a wɔbɛn adetɔfo a wɔde di dwuma no ho. Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia So no ahu asiane a ɛwɔ hɔ sɛ nnipa akwahosan ho nkɛntɛnso bɔne a efi methylene chloride a wɔhome ne wɔn honam ani hwɛbea mu bɛba, a nea ɛka ho ne neurotoxicity, nkɛntɛnso a enya wɔ mmerɛbo so, ne kokoram. EPA kae sɛ asiane ho mmara a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no “bɛtew” methylene chloride a wɔyɛ, nea wɔyɛ ne ne kyekyɛ so ntɛmntɛm ama adetɔfo ne mfiridwuma ne aguadi mu nneɛma dodow no ara nyinaa, na emu dodow no ara bedi dwuma koraa wɔ asram 15 ntam. EPA kae sɛ wɔ dichloromethane a wɔde di dwuma dodow no ara mu no, ɛbɛhyɛ nyansa sɛ wɔbɛbara. Nhwehwɛmu ada no adi sɛ mpɛn pii no, wobetumi anya nnuru foforo a wɔde besi dichloromethane ananmu a ne bo yɛ den na etu mpɔn saa ara. Sɛ wotintim mmara a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no wɔ Federal Register mu wie a, wobefi ase de nnafua 60 ama mmuae.
Wɔ mmara a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no fã bi a wɔayɛ wɔ TSCA Ɔfa 6(b) ase no, EPA asi gyinae sɛ methylene chloride de asiane a ntease nnim a ɛbɛma wɔapira akwahosan, a ɛka anaa nneɛma afoforo a ɛnyɛ asiane mfa ho, a asiane a ntease nnim wɔ tebea horow a wɔde di dwuma (COU) mu ka ho ma wɔn a wɔahu sɛ wobetumi akɔ anaasɛ wobetumi ayɛ mmerɛw wɔ 2020 methylene chloride asiane nhwehwɛmu no mu. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wobeyi asiane a ntease nnim afi hɔ no, EPA kamfo kyerɛ, sɛnea TSCA Ɔfã 6(a) kyerɛ no:
EPA ka sɛ TSCA COUs nyinaa a ɛfa dichloromethane ho (a nea wɔde di dwuma wɔ adetɔfoɔ paint ne paint yiyifoɔ mu, a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ ɔkwan soronko so wɔ TSCA Ɔfa 6 (84 Fed. Reg. 11420, March 27, 2019) ase) nyinaa hyɛ saa akyɛdeɛ yi ase. Sɛnea EPA kyerɛ no, TSCA kyerɛkyerɛ COUs mu sɛ tebea horow a wɔhwɛ kwan, wonim, anaasɛ ntease wom a wotumi hu a ɛma wɔyɛ nnuru bi, wɔyɛ ho adwuma, wɔkyekyɛ, wɔde di dwuma, anaa wɔtow gu de di gua. EPA rebisa ɔmanfo sɛ wɔmma wɔn adwene wɔ nsusuwii ahorow no afã horow ho.
Sɛnea EPA nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ bi kyerɛ no, EPA ne Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) susuw ho de yɛɛ mmara a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no “na wosusuw OSHA ahwehwɛde ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ dedaw ho wɔ adwumayɛfo ahobammɔ a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no a wɔyɛe no mu.” ahwehwɛde ahorow a wɔde beyi asiane ahorow a ntease nnim afi hɔ. Adwumawuranom benya afe biako de adi WCPP no so bere a EPA ayi asiane ho mmara a etwa to adi akyi na wɔbɛhwehwɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ wɔn adwumayɛbea ahorow so daa de hwɛ hu sɛ adwumayɛfo rennya methylene chloride, a ebetumi de asiane a ntease nnim aba.
EPA no “srɛ ɔmanfo sɛ wɔnsan nhwɛ mmara a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no mu na wɔmfa wɔn nsɛm mma.” EPA kae sɛ “wɔn ani gye ho titiriw sɛ wɔbɛte ahyehyɛde ahorow a ehia na wɔde nhyehyɛe a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no adi dwuma wɔ sɛnea adwumayɛfo ahobammɔ ho ahwehwɛde ahorow a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no betumi ayɛ yiye na etu mpɔn no adwene.” EPA, ɛbɛyɛ webinar a wɔabue ano ama adwumawuranom ne adwumayɛfo wɔ adapɛn a ɛreba no mu, “nanso ɛbɛyɛ mfaso ama obiara a ɔrehwehwɛ mmara kwan so nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no ho nsɛm a wɔaka abom de asusuw nhyehyɛe ahorow a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no ho.” .
Bergeson & Campbell, PC (B&C®) hyɛ akwankyerɛ a EPA de methylene chloride ano aduru a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa ne akwan atitiriw a wɔfa so siw ano no ho nkɔm. EPA mmara a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no ne ne nyansahyɛ ahorow a ɛwɔ chrysotile asiane ho mmara a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no mu no hyia, a nea ɛka ho ne mmara kwan a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa sɛ wɔbɛbara dwumadie, mmara titire a wɔbɛfa so de adi dwuma wɔ bere tiaa bi mu wɔ TSCA Ɔfa 6(g) ase (sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, ɔman ahobanbɔ ne nnwuma a ɛho hia) ne mprempren anohyetoɔ a ɛfa nnuru a wɔde di dwuma ho (ECELs) a ɛba fam koraa sen mprempren anohyetoɔ a wɔde di dwuma wɔ adwuma mu. Wɔ aseɛ ha yi, yɛbɔ nsɛm dodoɔ bi a ɛsɛ sɛ mpɔtam a wɔahyɛ ho mmara no mufoɔ susu ho berɛ a wɔresiesie ɔmanfoɔ nsɛm a ɛfa mmara nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no ho no mua, na yɛkae obiara hia a ɛhia sɛ ɔne EPA di nkitaho ntɛm wɔ nnwuma a ɛnyɛ mmara kwan so de nsɛm ma wɔ mmara dwumadie ho wɔ tebea no mu. Mmara ahorow, a TSCA ka ho.
Esiane EPA nhyehyɛe ho akwankyerɛ foforo a ɛwɔ “nnuru mũ nyinaa” kwan so nti, ɛnyɛ yɛn nwonwa sɛ yebehu sɛ mmara kwan so adeyɛ a EPA ahyɛ ho nyansa ne sɛ “ɛbɛbara dichloromethane a wɔde di dwuma wɔ mfiridwuma ne aguadi mu dodow no ara.” Nanso, EPA de mmara kwan titiriw bi a wɔde besi ananmu ma de ama kwan ma wɔakɔ so de adi dwuma ahorow bi a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa a ɛhyɛ WCPP so. Yɛka eyi ho asɛm efisɛ TSCA no Ɔfã 6(a) ka sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ EPA no “de ahwehwɛde ahorow di dwuma de yi asiane ahorow a ntease nnim fi hɔ kosi baabi a ɛho hia sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a nnuru anaa afrafrade no remfa asiane ahorow a ɛte saa mma bio.” Sɛ WCPP a ɛne ECEL bɔ akwahosan ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho ban, sɛnea EPA kamfo kyerɛ no a, ɛbɛyɛ te sɛ nea bara a wɔbara nneɛma bi a wɔde di dwuma no kɔ akyiri sen “sɛnea ɛho hia” mmara no. Sɛ WCPP yɛ ahobammɔ mpo a, bara a wɔabara dedaw sɛ wɔmfa nni dwuma no da so ara fata efisɛ ebia adetɔfo rentumi nkyerɛ na wɔankyerɛw sɛ wɔadi ahobammɔ a ɛwɔ WCPP mu no so. Ɔkwan foforɔ so no, sɛ adwumayɛbea no tumi kyerɛ na wɔkyerɛw sɛ wɔdi WCPP ahwehwɛdeɛ no so a, ɛnde ɛbɛyɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkɔ so ma kwan ma wɔde di dwuma saa.
Sɛ WCPP ahwehwɛdeɛ no fã bi no, EPA kaa sɛ ɛbɛhia sɛ “wodi Good Laboratory Practice [GLP] 40 CFR Part 792′′ so.Saa ahwehwɛdeɛ yi ne mmɔdenbɔ dodoɔ no ara a wɔde hwɛ adwumayɛbea so a wɔyɛ no sɛdeɛ Industrial Hygiene Laboratory Accreditation Program (IHLAP) gyinapɛn ahodoɔ kyerɛ no bɔ abira.EPA akwanhwɛ a ɛfa GLP sɔhwɛ a wɔde hwɛ adwumayɛbea so hwɛ ho no ne sɔhwɛ ahyɛdeɛ no hyia a wɔde mae wɔ afe 2021 mu, nanso ɛnyɛ ne pene a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ no sɛ nhwɛsoɔ no, EPA TSCA Ɔfa 5(e) ahyɛdeɛ nsusuiɛ no kyerɛ deɛ ɛdidi soɔ yi wɔ Ɔfa III.D:
Nanso, ɛho nhia sɛ wodi TSCA GLP so wɔ Nnuru a Wɔde Di Dwuma Anohyeto ɔfã foforo yi mu, baabi a nhwehwɛmu akwan no yɛ nea aduruyɛdan a wɔagye atom wɔ: Amerika Mfiridwuma Ahotew Fekuw (“AIHA”) Mfiridwuma Ahotew Ho Nhwehwɛmubea Gyedi Dwumadi (“IHLAP”) agye atom. anaa nhyehyɛe foforo a ɛte saa a EPA akyerɛw apene so.
EPA abisa sɛ wɔmfa nsɛm pɔtee bi a ɛfa mmara a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no ho, a B&C kamfo kyerɛ sɛ wɔn a ebetumi aka wɔn no nsusuw ho. Sɛ nhwɛso no, EPA resusuw tumi a ɛwɔ TSCA Ɔfa 6(g) ase a ɛbɛma wɔayi wɔn afi mu wɔ bere tiaa bi mu wɔ tebea horow bi a wɔde di dwuma te sɛ ɔmanfo wimhyɛn ho, na EPA kyerɛ sɛ sɛ wodi ahwehwɛde ahorow a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no so a, “ɛbɛhaw...nnwuma a ɛho hia kɛse.” “Yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ saa gyae yi bɛka WCPP a wobedi so Saa ara nso na sɛ WCPP yɛ ahobammɔ na adwumayɛbea no tumi di WCPP so (sɛ nhwɛso no, ECEL a ɛnyɛ kokoram a enni sabea 2 afã horow ɔpepem biara (ppm) ne bere tiaa mu anohyeto a wɔde ma wɔ bere tiaa mu (STEL) afã horow 16 wɔ ɔpepem biara mu), ɛte sɛ nea asɛmfua no boro akwahosan ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho banbɔ ahwehwɛde ahorow so Yɛgye di sɛ wɔde ahofadi bi bedi dwuma bere a wɔde ahobammɔ ho nhyehyɛe ahorow bedi dwuma a ɛnnɔɔso sɛ wɔde bedi asiane ho dwuma na bara a wɔbɛbara no bɛhaw nnwuma a ɛho hia kɛse (sɛ nhwɛso no, ɛte sɛ nea ɔkwan bi wɔ hɔ a ɛte sɛ Europa Aman Nkabom Mmara a ɛfa Nnuru a Wɔkyerɛw, Nhwehwɛmu, Tumi ne Anohyeto (REACH) ho, a ɛbara nneɛma a ɛyɛ hu sɛ ahobammɔ ho nhyehyɛe no fata wɔ mmeae nyinaa gye sɛ wɔabara de adwene no, enhyia ahyɛde a ɛwɔ Ɔfã 6 a ɛwɔ EPA ‘T.
EPA no fa afe 2022 krataa bi a wɔato din “Evaluation of Alternatives to the Use of Dichloromethane” (nsɛm a wɔde kyerɛw 40 wɔ mmara a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no mu) ka mmara a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no nyinaa mu. EPA gyinaa saa nhwehwɛmu yi so kae sɛ “wɔkyerɛɛ nneɛma a nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma bi a asiane a ɛwɔ awiei no mu nhwehwɛmu a ɛba fam sen dichloromethane ne nneɛma bi a asiane ho nhwehwɛmu dodow korɔn sen dichloromethane (ref. 40) wom”. Bere a wɔrekyerɛkyerɛ saa nkyerɛkyerɛmu yi mu no, EPA mfaa saa krataa yi nkɔɔ Mmarahyɛ Nhwehwɛmu Nhoma no so, na saa ara nso na EPA mfaa mmae wɔ ne intanɛt so Akwahosan ne Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Nhwehwɛmu (HERO) database no so. Sɛ wɔanhwehwɛ krataa yi mu nsɛm mu a, ɛrentumi nyɛ yiye sɛ wɔbɛhwɛ sɛnea nneɛma foforo a wɔde besi ananmu no fata ma dwumadie biara. Ebia nneɛma foforo a wɔde si paint stripping ananmu no rennyɛ adwuma te sɛ nnuru a wɔde siw nneɛma ano, te sɛ nea wɔde tew ɛlɛtrɔnik nneɛma a ɛyɛ mmerɛw wɔ wimhyɛn mu no.
Yɛkaa nkrataa a enni hɔ ho asɛm wɔ atifi hɔ efisɛ ahyehyɛde ahorow a EPA bara a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no aka wɔn no behia saa nsɛm yi de akyerɛ sɛnea mfiridwuma mu nneɛma a wɔde besi ananmu no betumi ayɛ yiye, asusuw asiane ahorow a ebetumi aba wɔ akwan foforo a ɛfata mu (a ebetumi ama wɔayɛ daakye TSCA mmara kwan so adeyɛ), na wɔasiesie wɔn ho ama ɔmanfo adwene. . Yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ U.S. EPA resusuw nsɛm a ɛte saa a “ɛyɛ ɔkwan foforo” ho wɔ ne chrysotile mmara a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no mu, a nea ɛka ho ne U.S. EPA adwene a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛbara chrysotile a wɔde bedi dwuma wɔ diaphragms a wɔde di dwuma wɔ chlor-alkali adwumayɛ mu no. EPA gye tom sɛ “mfiridwuma foforo a wɔde yɛ diaphragms a asbestos wom wɔ chlor-alkali a wɔyɛ mu no ama perfluoroalkyl ne polyfluoroalkyl nneɛma (PFAS) dodow akɔ soro bere a wɔde toto PFAS nnuru dodow a ɛwɔ diaphragms a asbestos wom mu no ho no,” nanso ɛntoto asiane ne asiane ahorow a ebetumi aba wɔ aduru foforo a wɔde si ananmu mu no ho bio.
Wɔ asiane ahorow a ɛwɔ atifi hɔ no akyi no, yegye di sɛ nhwehwɛmu a U.S. Nneɛma a Atwa Yɛn Ho Ahyia Ho Banbɔ Dwumadibea no ayɛ wɔ asiane ahorow a ebetumi aba wɔ dichloromethane ho no da so ara wɔ mmara mu nsonsonoe kɛse. Sɛnea yɛaka ho asɛm wɔ yɛn Nov. 11, 2022 memo no mu no, EPA ka bere nyinaa sɛ ɔde 2018 krataa a wɔato din “Applying Systematic Analysis to TSCA Risk Assessment” (“2018 SR Document”) dii dwuma sɛ nea wogyina so de n’asɛyɛde ahorow di dwuma. Ahwehwɛdeɛ no de nyansahu mu nsɛm a ɛyɛ papa a ɛwɔ hɔ ne nyansahu mu adanseɛ di dwuma sɛdeɛ wɔakyerɛ wɔ TSCA Ɔfa 26(h) ne (i) mu no. Sɛ nhwɛso no, EPA ka wɔ ne mmara a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa a ɛfa methylene chloride ho no mu sɛ:
EPA bu dichloromethane ECEL sɛ egyina hɔ ma nyansahu a eye sen biara a ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ TSCA Ɔfa 26(h) ase efisɛ wonya fii nsɛm a wonya fii 2020 dichloromethane asiane nhwehwɛmu mu, a ɛyɛ nea efii nhyehyɛe mu nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ a wɔyɛe mu bae. nhwehwɛmu ahorow a wɔbɛyɛ de ahu akwahosan ho nsunsuanso bɔne biara a ɛfata. [twe adwene si ase].
Sɛnea yɛadi kan akyerɛw no, Ɔman Nyansahu, Mfiridwuma ne Aduruyɛ Sukuu (NASEM) hwɛɛ 2018 SR krataa no mu wɔ EPA abisade so na wɔde baa awiei sɛ:
OPPT kwan a wɔfa so yɛ nhyehyɛe mu nhwehwɛmu no nkyerɛ nokwasɛm no yiye, [na] ɛsɛ sɛ OPPT san susuw ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ nhyehyɛe mu nhwehwɛmu no ho na wosusuw nsɛm ne nyansahyɛ ahorow a ɛwɔ amanneɛbɔ yi mu no ho.
Wɔkae akenkanfoɔ sɛ TSCA Ɔfa 26(h) hwehwɛ sɛ EPA si gyinaeɛ sɛdeɛ nyansahu a ɛyɛ papa a ɛwɔ hɔ no teɛ sɛdeɛ TSCA Ɔfa 4, 5, ne 6 kyerɛ, a ɛka ho ne nhyehyɛeɛ ne akwan te sɛ nhyehyɛeɛ mu nhwehwɛmu. Bio nso, 2018 SR krataa no a EPA de dii dwuma wɔ ne dichloromethane asiane nhwehwɛmu a ɛtwa toɔ mu no nso ma adwenem naayɛ ba sɛ EPA di nyansahu mu adanseɛ ahwehwɛdeɛ a wɔde ama wɔ Ɔfa 26(i) a ɛwɔ TSCA no so, a EPA kyekyɛ sɛ “nhyehyɛeɛ nhwehwɛmu kwan” a wɔde hwehwɛ adanseɛ anaasɛ wɔ ɔkwan a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ so. ...”
Mmara mmienu a EPA ahyɛ ho nyansa wɔ TSCA Ɔfa 6(a) ase, a ɛne Chrysotile ne Methylene Chloride, de mmara a ɛfa asiane ho dwumadie ho mmara a EPA ahyɛ ho nyansa no ma nnuru titire 10 a aka a EPA bu sɛ ɛde asiane a nteaseɛ nni mu no sii hɔ. Wɔde nsusuwii ahorow bi di dwuma wɔ asiane nhwehwɛmu a etwa to no mu. Ɛsɛ sɛ nnwuma a wɔde saa nneɛma yi di dwuma no siesie wɔn ho ma bara a wɔbɛbara, WCPP, anaasɛ bere tiaa bi a wɔde bɛma a ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wodi WCPP so. B&C kamfo kyerɛ sɛ wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛ mu no nhwɛ methylene chloride ho mmara a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa no mu, sɛ mpo akenkanfo mfa methylene chloride nni dwuma a, na wɔmfa nsɛm a ɛfata mma, a wogye tom sɛ ɛda adi sɛ asiane ho nhyehyɛe a wɔahyɛ ho nyansa sɛ wɔbɛfa so adi methylene chloride ho no bɛyɛ daakye EPA gyinapɛn afoforo no fã. mmara a wɔde ma. Nnuru a asiane ho nhwehwɛmu a etwa to (sɛ nhwɛso no, 1-bromopropane, carbon tetrachloride, 1,4-dioxane, perchlorethylene ne trichloroethylene).
Asɛm a Wɔka Kyerɛ: Esiane sɛnea saa nsɛm foforo yi te nti, ebia nsɛm a wɔde ama wɔ ha no mfa tebea horow nyinaa ho, na ɛnsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ ho biribi a wonnya mmara mu afotu pɔtee a egyina wo tebea pɔtee no so.
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