Yɛda mo ase sɛ moakɔ nature.com. Browser version a wode redi dwuma no wɔ CSS mmoa kakraa bi. Sɛ wopɛ osuahu a eye sen biara a, yɛhyɛ nyansa sɛ fa browser version a aba foforo no di dwuma (anaasɛ dum compatibility mode wɔ Internet Explorer mu). Bio nso, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkɔ so aboa no, saa wɛbsaet yi remfa styles anaa JavaScript nka ho.
Shale a ɛtrɛw wɔ clastic reservoirs mu no de ɔhaw akɛse ba, na ɛde abura a ɛwɔ abura mu no ntumi nnyina. Esiane nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia nti, wɔpɛ sɛ wɔde nsu a wɔde tu fam a wɔde shale inhibitors aka ho di dwuma sen nsu a wɔde tu fam a wɔde ngo ayɛ. Ionic nsuo (ILs) atwetwe adwene kɛseɛ sɛ shale inhibitors ɛnam wɔn tunable su ne electrostatic su a ɛyɛ den nti. Nanso, imidazolyl-based ionic liquids (ILs), a wɔde di dwuma kɛse wɔ nsu a wɔde tu fam mu no ada adi sɛ ɛyɛ awuduru, ɛnyɛ nea ɛsɛe bio na ne bo yɛ den. Wobu deep eutectic solvents (DES) sɛ ɛyɛ nea ɛho ka sua na awuduru nnim pii a wɔde besi ionic nsu ananmu, nanso ɛda so ara ntumi nkɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a wɔhwehwɛ no mu. Nnansa yi nkɔso a aba wɔ saa adwuma yi mu no ama wɔde abɔde mu nnuru a wɔde yɛ eutectic a emu dɔ (NADES) a wonim no sɛ ɛyɛ nea ɛnyɛ nea ɛfa nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho ankasa aba. Saa nhwehwɛmu yi hwehwɛɛ NADES ahorow a citric acid (sɛ hydrogen bond acceptor) ne glycerol (sɛ hydrogen bond donor) wom sɛ drilling fluid a wɔde ka ho no mu. Wɔyɛɛ nsuo a wɔde tu fam a egyina NADES so no sɛdeɛ API 13B-1 kyerɛ no na wɔde wɔn adwumayɛ totoo nsuo a wɔde tu fam a egyina potassium chloride so, nsuo a wɔde tu fam a egyina imidazolium so, ne nsuo a wɔde tu fam a egyina choline chloride:urea-DES so ho. Wɔakyerɛkyerɛ NADES ahorow a ɛyɛ wɔn de no abɔde mu nneɛma mu kɔ akyiri. Wɔhwɛɛ rheological su, nsuo a ɛyera, ne shale inhibition properties a ɛwɔ drilling fluid no mu wɔ nhwehwɛmu no mu, na wɔkyerɛɛ sɛ sɛ NADESs dodoɔ yɛ 3% a, yield stress/plastic viscosity ratio (YP/PV) no kɔɔ soro, atɛkyɛ keeki no mu duru so tew 26%, na filtrate dodoɔ so tew 30.1%. Nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ, NADES nyaa ntrɛwmu a wɔasiw ano a ɛyɛ nwonwa a ɛyɛ 49.14% na ɛmaa shale a wɔyɛ no kɔɔ soro 86.36%. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ saa nsunsuansoɔ yi fi tumi a NADES tumi sesa dɔteɛ no ani dwumadiɛ, zeta tumi, ne ntam kwan a ɛda dɔteɛ ntam, a wɔaka ho asɛm wɔ krataa yi mu de ate akwan a ɛwɔ aseɛ no ase. Wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ saa nsu a wɔde tu fam a ɛbɛkɔ so atra hɔ daa yi bɛsakra adwuma a wɔde tu fam no denam ɔkwan foforo a awuduru nnim, ɛho ka sua, na etu mpɔn kɛse a ɛbɛma wɔatumi de asi atetesɛm mu nnuru a esiw shale nsɛe ano ananmu, na abue kwan ama nneɛma a wɔde tu fam a ɛnyɛ nea ɛmma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no.
Shale yɛ ɔbotan a ɛtumi yɛ adwuma pii a ɛyɛ hydrocarbons fibea ne akoraeɛ, na ne porous structure1 ma tumi a wɔde yɛ saa nneɛma a ɛsom boɔ yi na wɔkora so. Nanso, shale wɔ dɔteɛ mu nneɛma te sɛ montmorillonite, smectite, kaolinite ne illite, a ɛma ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ ɛbɛhohoro bere a wɔde ahyɛ nsuo mu, na ɛma abura no ntumi nnyina wɔ berɛ a wɔretu fam2,3. Saa nsɛm yi betumi de bere a ɛnyɛ nea ɛsow aba (NPT) ne adwumayɛ mu haw ahorow pii a nea ɛka ho ne nsu afiri a akɔhyɛ, atɛkyɛ a ɛyera, abura a ɛhwe ase ne efĩ kakra, bere a wɔde bɛsan ayɛ adwuma ne ɛka a ɛkɔ soro. Atetesɛm mu no, nsuo a wɔde tu fam a wɔde ngo ayɛ (OBDF) na ɛyɛ nea wɔpɛ ma shale formations ɛnam sɛ ɛtumi gyina shale ntrɛmu ano nti4. Nanso, nsu a wɔde tu fam a wɔde ngo ayɛ a wɔde bedi dwuma no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔbɔ ka kɛse na ɛde nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho asiane ba. Wɔabu nsu a wɔde tu fam a wɔde nneɛma ayɛ (SBDF) sɛ ɔkwan foforo, nanso sɛnea ɛfata wɔ ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro mu no nyɛ nea abotɔyam wom. Nsuo a wɔde tu fam (WBDF) yɛ ano aduru a ɛyɛ anigyeɛ ɛfiri sɛ ɛyɛ ahotɔ, ɛnyɛ nea ɛmma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia, na ɛho ka sua sene OBDF5. Wɔde shale inhibitors ahodoɔ adi dwuma de ama WBDF tumi a ɛsi shale ano no ayɛ kɛseɛ, a atetesɛm mu inhibitors te sɛ potassium chloride, lime, silicate, ne polymer ka ho. Nanso, saa nnuru a esiw ano yi wɔ anohyeto ahorow wɔ sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma yiye ne nkɛntɛnso a ɛwɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so no mu, titiriw esiane K+ dodow a ɛkɔ soro wɔ potassium chloride inhibitors mu ne pH a silicates te nka nti. 6 Nhwehwɛmufo ahwehwɛ sɛnea wobetumi de ionic nsu adi dwuma sɛ nsu a wɔde ka drilling fluid ho de ama drilling fluid rheology atu mpɔn na wɔasiw shale swelling ne hydrate formation ano. Nanso, mpɛn pii no, saa nsu a ɛyɛ ionic yi, titiriw nea imidazolyl cations wom no, yɛ awuduru, ne bo yɛ den, ɛnsɛe bio, na ehia sɛ wɔyɛ ho nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ den. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na nkurɔfo adi ɔhaw ahorow yi ho dwuma no, nkurɔfo fii ase hwehwɛɛ ɔkwan foforo a ɛho nhia pii na ɛnyɛ nea ɛmma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia, na ɛno na ɛmaa wɔde deep eutectic solvents (DES) bae. DES yɛ eutectic afrafra a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) ne hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) na ɛyɛ wɔ molar ratio ne ɔhyew pɔtee bi mu. Saa eutectic afrafra yi wɔ melting points a ɛba fam sen wɔn ankorankoro afã horow no, titiriw esiane charge delocalization a hydrogen bonds de ba nti. Nneɛma pii, a lattice ahoɔden, entropy nsakrae, ne nkitahodi a ɛda anion ne HBD ntam ka ho, di dwuma titiriw wɔ DES no melting point a ɛba fam no mu.
Wɔ nhwehwɛmu ahorow a atwam mu no, wɔde nneɛma ahorow kaa nsu a wɔde tu fam ho de dii shale ntrɛwmu ho haw no ho dwuma. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Ofei ne afoforo. de 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIM-Cl) kaa ho, na ɛmaa atɛkyɛ keeki no mu duru so tew kɛse (ɛkɔ 50%) na ɛmaa YP/PV bo so tew 11 wɔ ɔhyew ahorow mu. Huang ne afoforo. de ionic nsuo (titiriw, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ne 1,2-bis(3-hexylimidazol-1-yl)ethane bromide) a wɔde kaa Na-Bt asinasin ho dii dwuma na ɛtew shale a ɛho ahonhon no so kɛse 86.43% ne 94.17%, sɛnea ɛte biara12. Nea ɛka ho no, Yang ne afoforo. de 1-vinyl-3-dodecylimidazolium bromide ne 1-vinyl-3-tetradecylimidazolium bromide dii dwuma de tew shale a ɛho ahonhon so 16.91% ne 5.81%. 13 Yang ne afoforo. nso de 1-vinyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide dii dwuma na ɛtew shale ntrɛwmu so 31.62% bere a ɛmaa shale sanba no kɔɔ so yɛɛ 40.60%. 14 Nea ɛka ho no, Luo ne afoforo. de 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate dii dwuma de tew shale a ɛho ahonhon so 80%. 15, 16 Dai ne afoforo. de ionic liquid copolymers dii dwuma de siw shale ano na wonya nkɔanim 18% wɔ linear recovery mu sɛ wɔde toto amine inhibitors ho a. 17. Ɔde ne nsa kyerɛɛ ne so
Ionic nsu ankasa wɔ sintɔ ahorow bi, na ɛno na ɛmaa nyansahufo hwehwɛɛ nneɛma foforo a ɛnyɛ nea ɛmma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia sen ionic nsu, na ɛno nti wɔwoo DES. Hanjia na odii kan de eutectic solvents a emu dɔ (DES) a ɛyɛ vinyl chloride propionic acid (1:1), vinyl chloride 3-phenylpropionic acid (1:2), ne 3-mercaptopropionic acid + itaconic acid + vinyl chloride (1:1:2) dii dwuma, a esiw bentonite a ɛho ahonhon ano 68%, 58%, ne 58%, sɛnea ɛte biara18. Wɔ sɔhwɛ a wɔde ma kwa mu no, MH Rasul de glycerol ne potassium carbonate (DES) a ɛyɛ 2:1 dii dwuma na ɛtew shale nhwɛsode a ɛho ahonhon so kɛse 87%19,20. Ma de urea:vinyl chloride dii dwuma de tew shale ntrɛwmu so kɛse 67%.21 Rasul ne ne mfɛfo. Wɔde DES ne polymer a wɔaka abom no dii dwuma sɛ dual-action shale inhibitor, a ɛmaa shale inhibition effect a ɛkyɛn so22.
Ɛwom sɛ wɔtaa bu deep eutectic solvents (DES) sɛ ɛyɛ ahabammono a wɔde besi ionic nsu ananmu de, nanso nneɛma a ebetumi ayɛ awuduru te sɛ ammonium nkyene nso wɔ mu, na ɛma asɛm wɔ sɛnea ɛnyɛ nea ɛmma nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho. Saa ɔhaw yi ama wɔayɛ abɔde mu deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Wɔda so ara kyekyɛ wɔn mu sɛ DES, nanso abɔde mu nneɛma ne nkyene na ɛyɛ, a potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), Epsom nkyene (MgSO4.7H2O), ne afoforo ka ho. DES ne NADES a wɔde bɛka abom pii a ɛbɛtumi ayɛ adwuma no bue kwan kɛseɛ ma nhwehwɛmu wɔ saa beaeɛ yi na wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ wɔbɛnya dwumadie wɔ nnwuma ahodoɔ mu. Nhwehwɛmufo pii atumi ayɛ DES a wɔaka abom foforo a wɔada no adi sɛ etu mpɔn wɔ nneɛma ahorow mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, Naser ne afoforo. 2013 yɛɛ potassium carbonate-gyina DES na suaa ne thermophysical su, a akyiri yi wonyaa dwumadie wɔ mmeaeɛ a hydrate inhibition, drilling nsuo additives, delignification, ne nanofibrillation. 23 Jordy Kim ne ne mfɛfo adwumayɛfo yɛɛ NADES a egyina ascorbic acid so na wɔhwɛɛ sɛnea ɛko tia ɔyare mmoawa no wɔ nneɛma ahorow mu. 24 Christer ne afoforo. yɛɛ NADES a egyina citric acid so na wohui sɛ ebetumi ayɛ ade a ɛboa ma collagen nneɛma. 25 Liu Yi ne ne mfɛfo adwumayɛfo bɔɔ NADES a wɔde di dwuma sɛ extraction ne chromatography media no mua wɔ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkɔ akyiri mu, bere a Misan ne ne mfɛfo. kaa NADES a wɔde di dwuma yiye wɔ kuayɛ mu nnuan mu ho asɛm. Ɛho hia sɛ nsuo a wɔtu mu nhwehwɛmufoɔ firi aseɛ hwɛ sɛdeɛ NADES no tu mpɔn wɔ wɔn dwumadie mu. nnano yi. Wɔ afe 2023 mu no, Rasul ne afoforo. de abɔdeɛ mu deep eutectic solvents ahodoɔ a wɔaka abom a egyina ascorbic acid26, calcium chloride27, potassium chloride28 ne Epsom salt29 so dii dwuma na wɔnya shale inhibition ne shale sanba a ɛyɛ nwonwa. Saa nhwehwɛmu yi yɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛdi kan a wɔde NADES (titiriw citric acid ne glycerol-based formulation) baeɛ sɛ shale inhibitor a ɛnyɛ papa na ɛtu mpɔn wɔ nsuo a wɔde tu fam mu, a ɛda nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛyɛ papa, shale inhibition tumi a ɛkɔ anim ne nsuo adwumayɛ a ɛkɔ anim sɛ wɔde toto atetesɛm inhibitors te sɛ KCl, imidazolyl-based ionic liquids ne atetesɛm DES ho no mu baako.
Nhwehwɛmu no bɛfa sɛ wɔbɛyɛ NADES a egyina citric acid (CA) so wɔ fie mu a wɔde physicochemical characterization a ɛkɔ akyiri na wɔde adi dwuma sɛ drilling fluid a wɔde ka ho de ahwɛ drilling fluid su ne ne tumi a ɛsiw swelling ano. Wɔ saa nhwehwɛmu yi mu no, CA bɛyɛ adwuma sɛ hydrogen bond acceptor bere a glycerol (Gly) bɛyɛ adwuma sɛ hydrogen bond donor a wɔapaw a egyina MH screening criteria a wɔde yɛ NADES formation/selection wɔ shale inhibition nhwehwɛmu mu30. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) ne zeta potential (ZP) susudua bɛma NADES ne dɔteɛ nkitahodiɛ ne adwinnadeɛ a ɛhyɛ dɔteɛ a ɛho ahonhon ano no mu ada hɔ. Bio nso, saa nhwehwɛmu yi de CA NADES a egyina drilling fluid so bɛtoto DES32 a egyina 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIM]Cl7,12,14,17,31, KCl ne choline chloride:urea (1:2) so de ahwehwɛ sɛnea ɛyɛ adwuma yiye wɔ shale inhibition ne drilling fluid adwumayɛ mu.
Wɔtɔɔ citric acid (monohydrate), glycerol (99 USP), ne urea fii EvaChem, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Wɔtɔɔ choline chloride (>98%), [EMIM]Cl 98%, ne potassium chloride fii Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia. Nnuru nhyehyeɛ a ɛwɔ nnuru nyinaa mu no wɔakyerɛ wɔ Mfonini 1. Mfonini a ɛyɛ ahabammono no de nnuru titire a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ nhwehwɛmu yi mu no toto ho: imidazolyl ionic nsuo, choline chloride (DES), citric acid, glycerol, potassium chloride, ne NADES (citric acid ne glycerol). Wɔde nnuru a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ nhwehwɛmu yi mu no abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom adamfofa pon no akyerɛ wɔ Table 1. Wɔ pon no mu no, wɔde awuduru, abɔdeɛ a nkwa wom a ɛtumi sɛe, ɛka, ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia a ɛbɛtena hɔ daa so na ɛkyerɛ nnuru biara.
Nnuru a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a wɔde dii dwuma wɔ nhwehwɛmu yi mu: (a) citric acid, (b) [EMIM]Cl, (c) choline chloride, ne (d) glycerol.
Wɔde ahwɛyiye paw hydrogen bond donor (HBD) ne hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ CA (natural deep eutectic solvent) a egyina NADES so sɛnea MH 30 a wɔpaw no gyinapɛn te, a wɔayɛ sɛ wɔde bɛyɛ NADES sɛ shale inhibitors a etu mpɔn. Sɛnea saa gyinapɛn yi kyerɛ no, wobu nneɛma a ɛwɔ hydrogen bond donors ne acceptors dodow bi ne polar functional groups sɛ ɛfata ma NADES nkɔso.
Bio nso, wɔpaw ionic liquid [EMIM]Cl ne choline chloride:urea deep eutectic solvent (DES) sɛ wɔmfa ntoto ho wɔ nhwehwɛmu yi mu efisɛ wɔde di dwuma kɛse sɛ drilling fluid additives33,34,35,36. Afei nso, wɔde potassium chloride (KCl) totoo ho efisɛ ɛyɛ ade a wɔtaa siw ano.
Wɔde citric acid ne glycerol fraa mu wɔ molar ratio ahorow mu de nyaa eutectic afrafrade. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔde aniwa hu kyerɛe sɛ na eutectic afrafrade no yɛ nsu a ɛyɛ pɛ, a ɛda adi a enni turbidity, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde hydrogen bond donor (HBD) ne hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) frafraa yiye wɔ saa eutectic afrafra yi mu. Wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu ahorow a edi kan de hwɛɛ sɛnea HBD ne HBA afrafra no nneyɛe gyina ɔhyew so. Sɛnea nhoma ahorow a ɛwɔ hɔ kyerɛ no, wɔhwɛɛ eutectic afrafrade no fã wɔ ɔhyew pɔtee abiɛsa a ɛboro 50 °C, 70 °C ne 100 °C, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ eutectic hyew taa yɛ 50–80 °C. Wɔde Mettler digital balance dii dwuma de karii HBD ne HBA afã horow no pɛpɛɛpɛ, na wɔde Thermo Fisher hot plate dii dwuma de yɛɛ HBD ne HBA no hyew na ɛkanyan no wɔ 100 rpm mu wɔ tebea horow a wɔahyɛ so.
Wɔsusuu yɛn synthesized deep eutectic solvent (DES) no thermophysical properties, a density, surface tension, refractive index, ne viscosity ka ho no pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ ɔhyew a ɛfiri 289.15 kɔsi 333.15 K. Ɛsɛ sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ wɔpaw saa ɔhyeɛ dodoɔ yi titire ɛnam anohyetoɔ a ɛwɔ nnwinnadeɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ dada no mu nti. Nea ɛka nhwehwɛmu a ɛkɔ akyiri no ho ne nhwehwɛmu a emu dɔ a wɔyɛe wɔ ɔhyew mu nneɛma ahorow a ɛwɔ NADES aduru yi mu, a ɛdaa wɔn nneyɛe adi wɔ ɔhyew ahorow mu. Sɛ yɛde yɛn adwene si saa ɔhyew pɔtee yi so a, ɛma yenya nhumu wɔ NADES no su ahorow a ɛho hia titiriw ma dwumadie dodoɔ bi.
Wɔde interfacial tension meter (IFT700) susuu NADES a wɔasiesie no ani so nhyɛsoɔ wɔ 289.15 kɔsi 333.15 K. Wɔde capillary needle na ɛyɛ NADES nsu nketenkete wɔ dan bi a nsu pii ahyɛ mu ma mu wɔ ɔhyew ne nhyɛso tebea pɔtee bi mu. Nnɛyi mfoninitwa nhyehyɛe ahorow de geometric parameters a ɛfata ba de bu interfacial tension no ho akontaa denam Laplace equation so.
Wɔde ATAGO refractometer dii dwuma de kyerɛɛ NADES a wɔasiesie no foforo no refractive index wɔ ɔhyew a ɛwɔ 289.15 kosi 333.15 K. Adwinnade no de thermal module di dwuma de hwɛ ɔhyew no so de bu sɛnea hann no refraction te, na ɛmma enhia sɛ wɔde nsu aguare a ɛyɛ hyew daa. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔhohoro refractometer no prism ani na wɔkyekyɛ sample solution no mu pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ so. Fa standard solution a wonim no susuw ho, na afei kenkan refractive index no fi screen no so.
Wɔde Brookfield rotational viscometer (cryogenic type) a ɛwɔ shear rate a ɛyɛ 30 rpm ne spindle kɛseɛ a ɛyɛ 6 na ɛsusuu NADES no mu nsuo a ɛyɛ den wɔ ɔhyeɛ a ɛfiri 289.15 kɔsi 333.15 K so. Sɛ wɔde nhwɛsode no to screen no so wɔ spindle no ase na wɔkyekyere no denneennen wie a, viscometer no kyerɛ viscosity no wɔ centipoise (cP) mu, na ɛma nsɛm a ɛsom bo wɔ rheological su a ɛwɔ nsu no mu ho.
Wɔde density meter a wotumi fa so DMA 35 Basic dii dwuma de kyerɛɛ abɔdeɛ mu deep eutectic solvent (NDEES) a wɔasiesie no foforɔ no density wɔ ɔhyew a ɛyɛ 289.15–333.15 K. Esiane sɛ afiri no nni ɔhyew afiri a wɔde ahyɛ mu nti, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔdi kan ma ɛyɛ hyew kodu ɔhyew a wɔakyerɛ (± 2 °C) ansa na wɔde NADES density meter no adi dwuma. Anyɛ yiye koraa no, twe nhwɛsode 2 ml fa tube no mu, na wɔbɛda density no adi ntɛm ara wɔ screen no so. Ɛfata sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ esiane sɛ wonni ɔhyew afiri a wɔde ahyɛ mu nti, nea efi susuw mu ba no wɔ mfomso a ɛyɛ ± 2 °C.
Sɛ yɛbɛhwɛ NADES a wɔasiesie no foforo no pH wɔ ɔhyew a ɛyɛ 289.15–333.15 K mu a, yɛde Kenis benchtop pH mita dii dwuma. Esiane sɛ afiri biara nni hɔ a wɔde yɛ ɔhyew a wɔde ahyɛ mu nti, wodii kan de afiri a wɔde yɛ ɔhyew na ɛmaa NADES yɛɛ hyew koduu ɔhyew a wɔpɛ (±2 °C) na afei wɔde pH mita susuw no tẽẽ. Fa pH mita nhwehwɛmu no hyɛ NADES mu koraa na kyerɛw bo a etwa to no bere a akenkan no ayɛ den akyi.
Wɔde thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) dii dwuma de hwɛɛ sɛnea abɔde mu deep eutectic solvents (NADES) a ɛyɛ hyew no gyina pintinn. Wɔyɛɛ nhwɛsode ahorow mu nhwehwɛmu bere a wɔreyɛ hyew no. Bere a wɔde kari pɛ a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ dii dwuma na wɔde ahwɛyiye hwɛɛ ɔhyew a wɔde yɛ adwuma no so no, wɔyɛɛ dodow a ɛyera ne ɔhyew ho mfonini. Wɔmaa NADES yɛɛ hyew fi 0 kosi 500 °C wɔ 1 °C simma biara mu.
Sɛ wobefi ase ayɛ adwuma no a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde NADES nhwɛsode no fra yiye, wɔyɛ no biako, na wɔma nsu a ɛwɔ soro no fi hɔ. Afei wɔde nhwɛsode a wɔasiesie no gu TGA cuvette mu, a mpɛn pii no wɔde ade a ɛnyɛ adwuma te sɛ aluminium na ɛyɛ. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔahwɛ ahu sɛ nea efi mu ba no yɛ nokware no, wɔde nneɛma a wɔde gyina so, a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ mu duru gyinapɛn ahorow na ɛkari TGA nnwinnade no. Sɛ wɔsɔ hwɛ wie a, TGA sɔhwɛ no fi ase na wɔma nhwɛsode no yɛ hyew wɔ ɔkwan a wɔahyɛ so, mpɛn pii no wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ so daa so. Abusuabɔ a ɛda nhwɛsode mu duru ne ɔhyew ntam a wɔbɛkɔ so ahwɛ no yɛ sɔhwɛ no fã titiriw. TGA nnwinnade boaboa nsɛm a ɛfa ɔhyew, emu duru, ne nneɛma afoforo te sɛ gas a ɛsen anaa nhwɛsode hyew ho ano. Sɛ wɔwie TGA sɔhwɛ no a, wɔhwehwɛ nsɛm a wɔaboaboa ano no mu de kyerɛ nsakraeɛ a ɛba wɔ nhwɛsoɔ mu duru mu sɛ ɔhyeɛ dwumadie. Saa nsɛm yi som bo wɔ ɔhyew a ɛbata honam fam ne nnuru mu nsakrae a ɛba wɔ nhwɛsode no mu ho, a nneɛma te sɛ nea ɛyɛ hyew, ɛyɛ hyew, ɛyɛ oxidation, anaa nea ɛporɔw ka ho.
Wɔde ahwɛyiye yɛɛ nsuo a wɔde tu fam no sɛdeɛ API 13B-1 gyinapɛn teɛ, na wɔakyerɛw ne dodoɔ pɔtee wɔ Table 2 mu sɛ wɔde bɛhwɛ. Wɔtɔɔ citric acid ne glycerol (99 USP) fii Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia de yɛɛ abɔde mu deep eutectic solvent (NADES). Bio nso, wɔtɔɔ potassium chloride (KCl) a wɔtaa de siw shale ano no nso fii Sigma Aldrich, Malaysia. Wɔpaw 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) a ɛho tew boro 98% esiane nkɛntɛnso kɛse a ɛwɔ wɔ nsu a wɔde tu fam ne shale a wɔde siw ano no rheology a ɛma tu mpɔn nti, a wɔsii so dua wɔ nhwehwɛmu ahorow a atwam mu. Wɔde KCl ne ([EMIM]Cl) nyinaa bedi dwuma wɔ ntotoho nhwehwɛmu no mu de ahwɛ sɛnea NADES yɛ shale inhibition adwumayɛ.
Nhwehwɛmufo pii pɛ sɛ wɔde bentonite a ɛyɛ mmerɛw di dwuma de sua shale a ɛho ahonhon ho ade efisɛ “montmorillonite” kuw koro no ara a ɛma shale ahonhon no wɔ bentonite mu. Shale core nhwɛsoɔ ankasa a wɔbɛnya no yɛ asɛnnennen ɛfiri sɛ coring kwan no ma shale no ntumi nnyina, na ɛde nhwɛsoɔ a ɛnyɛ shale koraa nanso ɛtaa de anhwea ne limestone a wɔadi afra ba. Bio nso, mpɛn pii no, shale nhwɛsode ahorow no nni montmorillonite akuw a ɛde shale ahonhon ba no ma enti ɛnyɛ nea ɛfata sɛ wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu a wɔde siw ahurututu ano.
Wɔ saa nhwehwɛmu yi mu no, yɛde bentonite asinasin a wɔasan ayɛ a ne kɛse bɛyɛ sɛntimita 2.54 dii dwuma. Wɔnam sodium bentonite powder gram 11.5 a wɔde hydraulic press mu a ɛyɛ 1600 psi a wɔde miaa so na ɛyɛɛ granules no. Wɔsusuu granules no mu duru pɛpɛɛpɛ ansa na wɔde rehyɛ linear dilatometer (LD) mu. Afei wɔde nneɛma nketenkete no guu nsu a wɔde tu fam nhwɛsode ahorow mu, a nea ɛka ho ne nhwɛsode a wɔde gyina so ne nhwɛsode ahorow a wɔde nnuru a esiw ano a wɔde siw shale a ɛho ahonhon ano guu mu. Afei wɔde LD no hwɛɛ nsakrae a ɛba wɔ granule no mu duru mu no yiye, na wɔkyerɛw susuw ahorow no wɔ sikɔne 60 ntam nnɔnhwerew 24.
X-ray diffraction kyerɛɛ sɛ bentonite a ɛwɔ mu, titiriw ne 47% montmorillonite fã no yɛ ade titiriw a ɛma yɛte ne asase ho su ase. Wɔ montmorillonite nneɛma a ɛwɔ bentonite mu no mu no, montmorillonite ne ade titiriw, na ɛyɛ nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu nyinaa mu 88.6%. Saa bere yi nyinaa, quartz yɛ 29%, illite yɛ 7%, na carbonate yɛ 9%. Ɔfã ketewaa bi (bɛyɛ 3.2%) yɛ illite ne montmorillonite a wɔadi afra. Bio nso, ɛwɔ nneɛma nketenkete te sɛ Fe2O3 (4.7%), dwetɛ aluminosilicate (1.2%), muscovite (4%), ne phosphate (2.3%). Bio nso, Na2O (1.83%) ne iron silicate (2.17%) kakraa bi na ɛwɔ hɔ, na ɛma ɛyɛ yie sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛ nneɛma a ɛwɔ bentonite mu ne wɔn dodoɔ ho anisɔ koraa.
Saa adesua ɔfa a ɛkɔ akyiri yi kyerɛkyerɛ rheological ne filtration su a ɛwɔ drilling fluid samples a wɔde natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) asiesie na wɔde adi dwuma sɛ drilling fluid additive wɔ dodoɔ ahodoɔ (1%, 3% ne 5%) mu kɔ akyiri. Afei wɔde NADES a egyina slurry samples no totoo slurry samples a ɛyɛ potassium chloride (KCl), CC:urea DES (choline chloride deep eutectic solvent:urea) ne ionic liquids ho na wɔyɛɛ mu nhwehwɛmu. Wɔkaa nneɛma atitiriw dodow bi ho asɛm wɔ nhwehwɛmu yi mu a nea ɛka ho ne viscosity akenkan a wonyae denam FANN viscometer a wɔde dii dwuma ansa na wɔde wɔn ho ahyɛ onyin tebea mu wɔ 100°C ne 150°C mu ne akyi. Wɔyɛɛ susudua wɔ ahoɔhare ahodoɔ a wɔde di akɔneaba (3 rpm, 6 rpm, 300 rpm ne 600 rpm) a ɛmaa kwan ma wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkɔ akyiri wɔ nsuo a wɔtuo no suban ho. Afei wobetumi de nsɛm a wɔanya no adi dwuma de akyerɛ nneɛma atitiriw te sɛ yield point (YP) ne plastic viscosity (PV), a ɛma wonya nhumu wɔ nsu no adwumayɛ ho wɔ tebea horow mu. Nhyɛsoɔ a ɛkorɔn (HPHT) filtration sɔhwɛ a ɛwɔ 400 psi ne 150°C (ɔhyeɛ a ɛtaa ba wɔ abura a ɛyɛ hyew mu) na ɛkyerɛ filtration adwumayɛ (keki no kɛseɛ ne filtrate dodoɔ).
Saa ɔfa yi de nnwinnadeɛ a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ, Grace HPHT Linear Dilatometer (M4600) di dwuma de hwehwɛ yɛn nsuo a yɛde tu fam a ɛwɔ nsuo mu no su a ɛsiw shale ahohoro ano yie. LSM yɛ afiri a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ a ɛwɔ nneɛma mmienu: plate compactor ne linear dilatometer (model: M4600). Wɔde Grace Core/Plate Compactor siesiee Bentonite mprɛte maa nhwehwɛmu. Afei LSM no de ahohoro ho nsɛm ma ntɛm ara wɔ saa mprɛte yi so, na ɛma wotumi yɛ nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ wɔ shale no su a esiw ahohoro ano no ho. Wɔyɛɛ shale ntrɛwmu sɔhwɛ wɔ tebea a atwa yɛn ho ahyia mu, kyerɛ sɛ, 25°C ne 1 psia.
Shale ahoɔden sɔhwɛ no fa sɔhwɛ titiriw bi a wɔtaa frɛ no shale recovery test, shale dip test anaa shale dispersion test ho. Sɛ yɛbɛhyɛ saa nhwehwɛmu yi ase a, wɔtetew shale a wɔatwitwa no mu wɔ #6 BSS screen so na afei wɔde gu #10 screen so. Afei wɔde nnua a wɔatwitwa no kɔ tank a wɔde kura mu mu baabi a wɔde nsuo a wɔde gyina fam ne atɛkyɛ a wɔde tu fam a NADES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent) wom fra. Ade a edi hɔ ne sɛ wode afrafrade no bɛhyɛ fononoo mu ma ayɛ hyew denneennen, na woahwɛ ahu sɛ nea wɔatwitwa ne atɛkyɛ no afra yiye. Nnɔnhwerew 16 akyi no, woyi nnua a wɔatwitwa no fi nnuadewa no mu denam ma a wɔma shale no porɔw no so, na ɛma nea wɔatwitwa no mu duru so tew. Wɔyɛɛ shale a wɔsan nya ho sɔhwɛ no bere a wɔde shale a wɔatwitwa no ahyɛ atɛkyɛ a wɔde tu fam mu wɔ 150°C ne 1000 psi akyi. nsateakwaa wɔ nnɔnhwerew 24 mu.
Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na yɛasusuw sɛnea shale atɛkyɛ no san ba no, yɛde ntama a ɛyɛ fɛ (40 mesh) yiyi mu, afei yɛde nsu hohoroo no yiye, na awiei koraa no yɛyow wɔ fononoo mu. Saa adeyɛ a ɛyɛ yaw yi ma yetumi bu atɛkyɛ a wɔasan anya no ho akontaa bere a yɛde toto mfitiase mu duru no ho, na awiei koraa no yebu shale atɛkyɛ a wɔasan anya no ɔha biara mu nkyem 100 ho akontaa. Faako a shale nhwɛsode no fi fi Niah Mantam, Miri Mantam, Sarawak, Malaysia. Ansa na wɔreyɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa apete ne nea wɔsan nya ho no, wɔde X-ray diffraction (XRD) nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ yɛɛ shale nhwɛsode no de kyerɛɛ dodow a ɛwɔ dɔte mu na wɔsii so dua sɛ ɛfata sɛ wɔsɔ hwɛ. Dɔteɛ mineral a ɛwɔ nhwɛsoɔ no mu te sɛ nea ɛdidi soɔ yi: illite 18%, kaolinite 31%, chlorite 22%, vermiculite 10%, ne mica 19%.
Nhyɛsoɔ a ɛwɔ soro yɛ adeɛ titire a ɛhwɛ nsuo cations a ɛkɔ shale micropores mu denam capillary action so, a wɔbɛsua ho adeɛ kɔ akyiri wɔ ɔfa yi mu. Saa krataa yi hwehwɛ dwuma a ɔfasuo so nhyɛsoɔ di wɔ nsuo a wɔde tu fam no su a ɛka bom no mu, na ɛtwe adwene si nkɛntɛnsoɔ a ɛho hia a ɛwɔ wɔ drilling process no so, titire no shale inhibition. Yɛde interfacial tensiometer (IFT700) dii dwuma de susuu nsuo a wɔde tu fam nhwɛsoɔ no ani so nhyɛsoɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ, na ɛdaa nsuo nneyɛeɛ a ɛho hia adi wɔ nsɛm a ɛfa shale inhibition ho.
Saa ɔfa yi ka d-layer spacing ho asɛm kɔ akyiri, a ɛyɛ interlayer kwan a ɛda aluminosilicate layers ne aluminosilicate layer biako ntam wɔ dɔte mu. Nhwehwɛmu no faa atɛkyɛ a ɛyɛ nsuo nhwɛsoɔ a CA NADES 1%, 3% ne 5% wom, ne DES a egyina CC:urea so 3%, ne 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl ne 3% CC:urea based DES. Benchtop X-ray diffractometer (D2 Phaser) a ɛwɔ hɔ nnɛ a ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ 40 mA ne 45 kV a Cu-Kα mframa (λ = 1.54059 Å) di dwuma titiriw wɔ X-ray diffraction peaks a ɛwɔ Na-Bt nhwɛsode a ɛyɛ nsu ne nea ɛyɛ nwunu nyinaa a wɔkyerɛwee no mu. Bragg equation no a wɔde di dwuma no ma wotumi kyerɛ d-layer ntam kwan no pɛpɛɛpɛ, na ɛnam so ma wonya nsɛm a ɛsom bo wɔ dɔte nneyɛe ho.
Saa ɔfa yi de Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZSP adwinnade a ɛkɔ anim no di dwuma de susuw zeta tumi pɛpɛɛpɛ. Saa nhwehwɛmu yi maa nsɛm a ɛsom boɔ wɔ charge su a ɛwɔ dilute mud samples a 1%, 3%, ne 5% CA NADES, ne 3% KCl, 3% [EMIM]Cl, ne 3% CC:urea-based DES a wɔde yɛ ntotoho nhwehwɛmu. Saa nsunsuansoɔ yi boa ma yɛte sɛdeɛ colloidal compounds gyina pintinn ne wɔn nkitahodiɛ wɔ nsuo mu no ase.
Wɔde Zeiss Supra 55 VP field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) a wɔde energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) ahyɛ mu ma na ɛhwɛɛ dɔteɛ nhwɛsoɔ no ansa na wɔde abɔdeɛ mu deep eutectic solvent (NADES) ahyɛ mu ne akyi. Mfonini no nsusuwii yɛ 500 nm na ɛlɛtrɔnik hann ahoɔden yɛ 30 kV ne 50 kV. FESEM ma wonya nsusuiɛ a ɛkorɔn a ɛfa dɔteɛ nhwɛsoɔ no ani nsɛsoɔ ne nhyehyɛɛ ho. Na nhwehwɛmu yi botae ne sɛ wobenya nsɛm a ɛfa nkɛntɛnso a NADES nya wɔ dɔte nhwɛsode ahorow no so denam mfonini ahorow a wonyae ansa na wɔayi no adi ne bere a wɔde atoto ho no so.
Wɔ saa nhwehwɛmu yi mu no, wɔde field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) mfiridwuma dii dwuma de hwehwɛɛ nkɛntɛnso a NADES nya wɔ dɔte nhwɛsode so wɔ microscopic level. Nhwehwɛmu yi botaeɛ ne sɛ ɛbɛma wɔada NADES a wɔbɛtumi de adi dwuma ne nkɛntɛnsoɔ a ɛwɔ so wɔ dɔteɛ nsɛsoɔ ne sɛ wɔkyekyɛ mu a, ɛbɛma nsɛm a ɛsom boɔ ama nhwehwɛmu wɔ saa adwuma yi mu.
Wɔ saa nhwehwɛmu yi mu no, wɔde mfomso nkyerɛwde dii dwuma de kyerɛkyerɛɛ nsakrae ne nea wontumi nsi pi wɔ ɔha biara mu mfomso a ɛwɔ ntam (AMPE) mu wɔ sɔhwɛ tebea horow nyinaa mu. Sɛ anka yɛbɛbɔ AMPE botaeɛ ankorankoro ho mfonini (esiane sɛ yɛbɛbɔ AMPE botaeɛ ho mfonini a ɛbɛtumi akata nkɔsoɔ so na yɛama nsakraeɛ nketenkete ayɛ kɛseɛ nti), yɛde 5% mmara no bu mfomsoɔ nkyerɛwdeɛ ho akontaa. Saa kwan yi hwɛ sɛ mfomsoɔ kwan biara gyina hɔ ma ntamgyinafoɔ a wɔhwɛ kwan sɛ ahotosoɔ ntamgyinafoɔ 95% ne AMPE botaeɛ 100% bɛtɔ mu, na ɛnam so ama wɔanya nsɛm a wɔakyekyɛ mu a emu da hɔ na ɛyɛ tiawa wɔ nhwehwɛmu tebea biara ho. Enti mfomsoɔ nkyerɛwdeɛ a egyina 5% mmara so a wɔde di dwuma no ma nkyerɛaseɛ ne ahotosoɔ a ɛwɔ mfoniniyɛ mu no tu mpɔn na ɛboa ma wɔnya nteaseɛ a ɛkɔ akyiri wɔ nea ɛfiri mu ba ne nea ɛkyerɛ ho.
Wɔ abɔde mu deep eutectic solvents (NADES) a wɔyɛ mu no, wɔde ahwɛyiye suaa nneɛma atitiriw pii ho ade wɔ bere a wɔreyɛ ahosiesie wɔ fie no mu. Saa nneɛma a ɛho hia yi bi ne ɔhyew, molar ratio, ne ahoɔhare a wɔde frafra. Yɛn nhwehwɛmu ahorow no kyerɛ sɛ sɛ wɔde HBA (citric acid) ne HBD (glycerol) frafra wɔ molar ratio a ɛyɛ 1:4 wɔ 50°C mu a, eutectic afrafra bi ba. Ade a ɛda nsow wɔ eutectic afrafrade no ho ne sɛnea ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ɛyɛ pɛ, ne sɛnea nsu a ɛyɛ fĩ nni mu. Enti, saa anammɔn titiriw yi si hia a ɛho hia sɛ molar ratio, ɔhyew, ne afrafra ahoɔhare so dua, a nea ɛka ho ne molar ratio na enyaa nkɛntɛnso kɛse wɔ DES ne NADES ahosiesie mu, sɛnea wɔada no adi wɔ Mfonini 2 mu no.
Refractive index (n) kyerɛ ahoɔhare a hann tu wɔ vacuum mu ne hann ahoɔhare a ɛwɔ ade a ɛto so abien a ɛyɛ den mu no nsusuwii. Refractive index no yɛ anigye titiriw ma abɔde mu deep eutectic solvents (NADES) bere a wɔresusuw optically sensitive applications te sɛ biosensors ho no. NADES a wɔayɛ ho nhwehwɛmu no refractive index wɔ 25 °C yɛ 1.452, a ɛyɛ anigye sɛ ɛba fam sen glycerol de no.
Ɛfata sɛ yɛhyɛ no nsow sɛ NADES no refractive index so tew bere a ɔhyew no kɔ so, na wobetumi de fomula (1) ne Mfonini 3 akyerɛkyerɛ saa su yi mu pɛpɛɛpɛ, a mfomso a ɛyɛ ɔha biara mu nkyem a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ (AMPE) no du 0%. Wɔkyerɛkyerɛ saa suban a egyina ɔhyew so yi mu denam nsunsuanso ne density a ɛso tew wɔ ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro mu, na ɛma hann no fa ade no mu ahoɔhare kɛse, na ɛma refractive index (n) bo a ɛba fam ba. Saa nsunsuansoɔ yi ma nhumu a ɛsom boɔ wɔ ɔkwan a wɔfa so de NADES di dwuma wɔ aniwa mu nkateɛ mu, na ɛsi tumi a ɛwɔ biosensor dwumadie mu so dua.
Nhyɛsoɔ a ɛwɔ soro, a ɛkyerɛ su a nsuo ani wɔ sɛ ɛbɛtew ne kɛseɛ so no ho hia kɛseɛ wɔ nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ sɛdeɛ abɔdeɛ mu deep eutectic solvents (NADES) fata ma dwumadie a egyina capillary pressure so no mu. Nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ asase ani nhyɛso a ɛwɔ ɔhyew a ɛyɛ 25–60 °C mu no de nsɛm a ɛsom bo ma. Wɔ 25 °C mu no, NADES a egyina citric acid so no ani so nhyɛso yɛ 55.42 mN/m, a ɛba fam koraa sen nsu ne glycerol de no. Mfonini 4 kyerɛ sɛ asase ani nhyɛso so tew kɛse bere a ɔhyew kɔ soro no. Yebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ saa adeyɛ yi mu denam molecule ahorow mu ahoɔden a ɛkɔ soro ne tumi a ɛtwetwe molecule ahorow ntam a ɛso tew akyiri yi so.
Wobetumi ada linear decreasing trend of surface tension a wɔahu wɔ NADES a wɔasua ho ade no adi yiye denam equation (2) so, a ɛkyerɛ akontaabu mu abusuabɔ titiriw a ɛwɔ ɔhyew a ɛyɛ 25–60 °C no mu. Graf a ɛwɔ Mfonini 4 mu no kyerɛ sɛnea asase ani nhyɛsoɔ kɔ so pefee a ɔhyew wɔ mu a mfomsoɔ a ɛyɛ ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ (AMPE) yɛ 1.4%, a ɛkyerɛ sɛdeɛ asase ani nhyɛsoɔ gyinapɛn a wɔabɔ ho amanneɛ no yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ. Saa nsunsuansoɔ yi wɔ nkyerɛkyerɛmu a ɛho hia ma nteaseɛ a ɛfa NADES nneyɛeɛ ne ne dwumadie a ɛbɛtumi ayɛ ho.
Sɛ yɛbɛte abɔde mu deep eutectic solvents (NADES) density dynamics ase a, ɛho hia na ama ayɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔde bedi dwuma wɔ nyansahu mu nhwehwɛmu pii mu. NADES a ɛwɔ citric acid mu no dodow yɛ 1.361 g/cm3, a ɛboro ɔwofo glycerol no mu duru so. Yebetumi akyerɛkyerɛ nsonsonoe yi mu denam hydrogen bond acceptor (citric acid) a wɔde ka glycerol ho no so.
Sɛ yɛfa NADES a egyina citrate so sɛ nhwɛso a, ne density so tew kɔ 1.19 g/cm3 wɔ 60°C. Ahoɔden a ɛkɔ soro bere a wɔayɛ no hyew no ma NADES molecule ahorow no petepete, na ɛma wogye dodow kɛse, na ɛma wɔn dodow so tew. Density a ɛso tew a wɔahu no kyerɛ linear correlation pɔtee bi ne ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro, a wobetumi de formula (3) ada no adi yiye. Mfonini 5 de saa su ahodoɔ yi a ɛkyerɛ NADES density nsakraeɛ no kyerɛ wɔ mfonini kwan so a mfomsoɔ a ɛwɔ ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ (AMPE) a ɛyɛ 1.12%, a ɛma dodoɔ susudua a ɛkyerɛ sɛnea density values ​​a wɔabɔ ho amanneɛ no yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ.
Viscosity yɛ tumi a ɛtwetwe nsuo a ɛretu no ntam na ɛdi dwuma titire wɔ nteaseɛ a ɛfa abɔdeɛ mu deep eutectic solvents (NADES) a wɔde di dwuma wɔ dwumadie ahodoɔ mu. Wɔ 25 °C mu no, na NADES no mu nsuo yɛ 951 cP, a ɛboro glycerol de no so.
Nea ɛkyerɛkyerɛ sɛnea wohu sɛ nsu a ɛyɛ den no so tew bere a ɔhyew kɔ soro no mu titiriw denam tumi ahorow a ɛtwetwe nneɛma a ɛwɔ molecule ahorow ntam a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no so. Saa adeyɛ yi ma nsuo no mu nsuo a ɛyɛ den no so tew, su a wɔada no adi pefee wɔ Mfonini 6 mu na wɔde Equation (4) akyerɛ dodoɔ. Nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ, wɔ 60°C mu no, nsunsuansoɔ no so tew kɔ 898 cP a mfomsoɔ a ɛwɔ ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu (AMPE) nyinaa yɛ 1.4%. Nteaseɛ a ɛkɔ akyiri a ɛfa viscosity versus temperature dependence wɔ NADES mu no ho hia kɛseɛ ma ne dwumadie a mfasoɔ wɔ so.
pH a ɛwɔ aduru no mu, a wɔde logarithm a enye a ɛwɔ hydrogen ion dodow mu kyerɛ no ho hia yiye, titiriw wɔ nneɛma a ɛte sɛ pH te sɛ DNA a wɔyɛ mu, enti ɛsɛ sɛ wosua NADES pH yiye ansa na wɔde adi dwuma. Sɛ yɛfa NADES a egyina citric acid so sɛ nhwɛso a, yebetumi ahu pH a ɛda adi pefee sɛ acid yɛ 1.91, a ɛne glycerol pH a ɛnyɛ nea ɛfa biribiara ho no bɔ abira koraa.
Nea ɛyɛ anigye no, abɔde mu citric acid dehydrogenase soluble solvent (NADES) no pH daa no adi sɛ ɛkɔ fam a ɛnyɛ linear bere a ɔhyew kɔ soro no. Wɔkyerɛ sɛ saa adeyɛ yi fi molecule wosow a ɛkɔ soro a ɛsɛe H+ kari pɛ wɔ aduru no mu, na ɛde [H]+ ions ba na ɛno nso ma nsakrae ba pH bo mu. Bere a citric acid abɔde mu pH fi 3 kosi 5 no, acidic hydrogen a ɛwɔ glycerol mu no ma pH no so tew bio kodu 1.91.
Wobetumi de nsɛso (5) akyerɛ pH suban a ɛwɔ NADES a egyina citrate so wɔ ɔhyew a ɛyɛ 25–60 °C mu no yiye, a ɛma akontaabu mu nkyerɛkyerɛmu ma pH su a wɔahu no. Mfonini 7 no kyerɛ saa abusuabɔ a ɛyɛ anigye yi wɔ mfonini kwan so, na ɛtwe adwene si nkɛntɛnso a ɔhyew nya wɔ NADES pH so, a wɔbɔ amanneɛ sɛ ɛyɛ 1.4% ma AMPE.
Wɔyɛɛ thermogravimetric nhwehwɛmu (TGA) a ɛfa abɔdeɛ mu citric acid deep eutectic solvent (NADES) ho wɔ nhyehyɛeɛ kwan so wɔ ɔhyew a ɛfiri dan mu hyeɛ kɔsi 500 °C. Sɛnea yebetumi ahu wɔ Mfonini 8a ne b mu no, mfiase no dodow a ɛyerae koduu 100 °C no fi nsu a wɔatwe ne nsu a ɛma nsu a ɛbata citric acid ne glycerol kronkron ho no titiriw. Wohuu sɛ mass retention a ɛho hia bɛyɛ 88% koduu 180 °C, a nea efi citric acid a ɛporɔw ma ɛbɛyɛ aconitic acid ne methylmaleic anhydride(III) a ɛbae akyiri yi bere a wɔsan yɛ hyew no titiriw (Mfonini 8 b). Sɛ ɛboro 180 °C a, na wobetumi ahu acrolein (acrylaldehyde) a ɛda adi pefee wɔ glycerol mu nso, sɛnea wɔakyerɛ wɔ Mfonini 8b37 mu no.
Thermogravimetric nhwehwɛmu (TGA) a wɔyɛe wɔ glycerol ho daa no adi sɛ ɛyɛ akwan abien a wɔfa so hwere nneɛma pii. Mfitiaseɛ fã (180 kɔsi 220 °C) no fa acrolein a ɛba, na ɛno akyi no, dodoɔ a ɛyera kɛseɛ wɔ ɔhyeɛ a ɛkorɔn firi 230 kɔsi 300 °C (Mfonini 8a). Bere a ɔhyew no kɔ soro no, acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, methane, ne hydrogen ba nnidiso nnidiso. Nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ, 28% pɛ na wɔkoraa mass no so wɔ 300 °C, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia NADES 8(a)38,39 no mu nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu no yɛ nea ɛtɔ sin.
Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔanya nsɛm a ɛfa nnuru foforo a wɔde kyekyere nneɛma ho no, wɔde Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) yɛɛ abɔde mu deep eutectic solvents (NADES) a wɔasiesie no foforo a wɔde ahyɛ mu no mu nhwehwɛmu. Wɔnam NADES suspension no spectrum a wɔde totoo pure citric acid (CA) ne glycerol (Gly) spectra ho so na ɛyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu no. CA spectrum no kyerɛɛ peaks a ɛda adi pefee wɔ 1752 1/cm ne 1673 1/cm, a egyina hɔ ma stretching vibrations a ɛwɔ C=O bond no mu na ɛsan nso yɛ CA su. Bio nso, wɔhunuu nsakraeɛ kɛseɛ wɔ OH bending vibration a ɛyɛ 1360 1/cm wɔ nsateaa nkyerɛwee mpɔtam hɔ, sɛdeɛ wɔakyerɛ wɔ Mfonini 9 mu no.
Saa ara nso na wɔ glycerol fam no, wohuu nsakrae a ɛba OH a ɛtrɛw ne nea ɛbɔ no mu wɔ asorɔkye dodow a ɛyɛ 3291 1/cm ne 1414 1/cm, sɛnea ɛte biara. Afei, ɛdenam NADES a wɔasiesie no spektrum a wɔhwehwɛɛ mu so no, wohuu nsakrae kɛse bi wɔ spectrum no mu. Sɛnea wɔakyerɛ wɔ Mfonini 7 mu no, C=O nkitahodi no wosow a ɛtrɛw no dan fii 1752 1/cm kɔɔ 1720 1/cm na -OH bond a ɛyɛ glycerol no wosow a ɛtrɛw no sesa fii 1414 1/cm kɔɔ 1359 1/cm. Saa nsakrae a ɛba wɔ asorɔkye nɔma mu yi kyerɛ nsakrae a aba wɔ electronegativity mu, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ nnuru foforo a ɛka bom yɛ adwuma wɔ NADES nhyehyɛe mu.