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Sɛ wowɔ ACS asɔremma nɔma a, yɛsrɛ wo kyerɛw wɔ ha sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a yebetumi de saa akontaabu yi abata wo asɔremma ho. (Ɛnyɛ ɔhyɛ)
ACS bu wo kokoam nsɛm sɛ ɛsom bo. Sɛ wode wo nsɛm mena a, wubetumi akɔ C&EN na woakyerɛw wo din wɔ yɛn dapɛn dapɛn nsɛm ho amanneɛbɔ mu. Yɛde nsɛm a wode ma no di dwuma de ma w’akenkan mu osuahu tu mpɔn, na yɛrentɔn wo data mma nnipa foforo da.
Wɔ afe 2005 mu no, adwumakuw kɛse a ɛyɛ nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma a wɔfrɛ no Colgate-Palmolive gyaee Amerika Atifi fam nneɛma a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho adwuma no denam nneɛma te sɛ Fab ne Dynamo a wɔtɔn maa Phoenix Brands no so. Mfe abiɛsa akyi no, adwumakuw foforo a wɔtɔn nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma, Unilever, tɔn ne Amerikafo nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma a All ne Wisk ka ho maa Sun Products.
N’adwuma a wɔtɔn maa ankorankoro nnwumakuw nketewa abien no ama ɛkame ayɛ sɛ P&G gua a ɛkorɔn wɔ U.S. nnuru a wɔde horo nneɛma ho no ayɛ nea wontumi nnye ho akyinnye. Nea ɛyɛ anigye no, Procter & Gamble ammɔ nkonimdi ho dawuru.
Nokwarem no, wɔ afe 2014 mu no, Alan G. Lafley, a saa bere no na ɔyɛ Procter & Gamble (P&G) kwankyerɛfo panyin no, dii awerɛhow sɛ Unilever twee ne ho. Ɔkae sɛ edii mfinimfini gua a ɛwɔ nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho gua so no so nkonim, na ɛmaa P&G nneɛma no yɛɛ kɛse wɔ gua a ɛkorɔn so, bere a ɛde nneɛma a ɛba fam ma akansifo baasa no. Procter & Gamble yɛ aguadifo a wɔyɛ nneɛma a agye din te sɛ Tide ne Gain. Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛyɛ U.S. nneɛma a wɔde horo nneɛma ho adwuma no mu 60%, nanso eyi yɛ adwuma a enhinhim, na nsonsonoe kɛse da adwumakuw no nneɛma ne wɔn a wɔne wɔn si akan no bo mu.
Afe biako akyi no, wɔn a wɔne wɔn resi akan no mu biako, German adwumakuw Henkel, wosow nneɛma. Adwumakuw no de wɔn Europa nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho a ɛyɛ papa a wɔfrɛ no Persil baa United States, na wodii kan tɔn no denam Wal-Mart nkutoo so, na afei wɔde too gua wɔ aguadidan ahorow te sɛ Target mu. Wɔ afe 2016 mu no, Henkel maa nneɛma yɛɛ basaa bio denam Sun Products a ɔgyeeɛ no so.
Persil a wɔde aba no ama nneɛma a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho adwuma no asan anya ahoɔden, nanso ebia ɛbɛyɛ ntɛmntɛm sen sɛnea Lafley hwɛɛ kwan no. May a etwaam no, bere a “Consumer Report” nsɛmma nhoma bɔɔ Henkel nneɛma foforo no biako din, Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1, Amerikafo aduru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye no, ɛsɛ sɛ ɔne P&G mpanyimfo afoforo ho dwiriw wɔn. Ahemmotiri ho guasodeyɛ no maa Tide kɔɔ nea ɛto so abien nea edi kan wɔ mfe pii mu.
Procter & Gamble (Chastened), Procter & Gamble (P&G) san yɛɛ ne ade a edi kan a ɛyɛ din kɛse a wɔfrɛ no Tide Ultra Stain Release wɔ afe 2016. Adwumakuw no kae sɛ wɔde nneɛma a ɛma nsu yɛ adwuma kaa ho na woyii nsu bi fii mu, na ɛde aduru a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ den a ebetumi ama nkekae a woyi fi hɔ no atu mpɔn aba. Nsɛmma nhoma no kae sɛ ade no dii kan wɔ Consumer Reports nhwehwɛmu a edii hɔ no mu, ɛwom sɛ ɛnyɛ nea ɛho hia wɔ akontaabu mu de.
Nnansa yi ara Consumer Reports kyerɛw Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent ne Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 sɛ nnuru abien a eye sen biara a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho wɔ United States. C&EN bɛhwɛ nneɛma a ɛde saa tebea yi ba, ne sɛnea wɔde di dwuma ne wɔn a wɔyɛ.
Nnansa yi ara Consumer Reports kyerɛw Tide Plus Ultra stain release agent ne Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2-in-1 sɛ nnuru abien a eye sen biara a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho wɔ United States. C&EN bɛhwɛ nneɛma a ɛde saa tebea yi ba, ne sɛnea wɔde di dwuma ne wɔn a wɔyɛ.
Ɛyɛ ntɛm dodo sɛ yɛbɛka sɛ ebia Henkel bɛkasa atia P&G anibere so ama Amerikafo adetɔfo a wɔtɔ nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma a ɛyɛ fɛ no anaa. Nanso sɛ P&G nnuruyɛfo a wɔyɛ nnuru a wɔde yɛ nnuru no te nka sɛ wɔn ani gye ho esiane akansi a wonni nti a, akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ wobeyi wɔn afi hɔ.
Shoaib Arif, application ne technical service manager wɔ Surfactant Supplier Pilot Chemical, kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ wɔ United States no, Tide ne Persil yɛ nneɛma a ɛyɛ papa ma adwuma no na wobetumi akyekyɛ mu ayɛ no adwumayɛ mu nsɛm anan. Mfe pii a atwam no, Arif ne Pilot nyansahufo afoforo aboa nnwumakuw pii a wɔyɛ ofie nneɛma ma wɔayɛ nnuru foforo a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ne nneɛma afoforo a wɔde siesie fie.
Wɔ low-end gua so no, ɛyɛ super sikasɛm mu detergent. Sɛnea Arif kyerɛ no, ebia na ɛwɔ aduru a ɛma nneɛma yɛ hyew a ne bo nyɛ den te sɛ linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LABS) ne nneɛma a ɛyɛ dɛ ne kɔla ahorow nkutoo. Ade no fã a edi hɔ no betumi de surfactant adjuvants anaa builders, te sɛ sodium citrate, tackifier ne surfactant a ɛto so abien aka ho.
LABS yɛ anionic surfactant, a eye wɔ ntama mu nneɛma nketenkete a woyi fi mu na ɛyɛ adwuma yiye wɔ cotton ntama so. Ade a ɛto so abien a wɔtaa de yɛ nneɛma a ɛwɔ soro ne ethanol ethoxylate, ade a ɛnyɛ ion, a etu mpɔn sen LABS, titiriw wɔ srade ne efĩ a woyi fi nhama a wɔayɛ mu.
Wɔ ɔfa a ɛto so abiɛsa no mu no, ebia formulators de optical brighteners bɛka ho wɔ bo a ɛba fam kakra. Saa nneɛma a ɛma aniwa yɛ hann yi twetwe hann a ɛyɛ ultraviolet na ɛma ɛkɔ baabi a ɛyɛ bruu no ma ɛyɛ te sɛ nea ntade hyerɛn. Wɔtaa hu nneɛma a ɛyɛ papa a ɛma nsu a ɛwɔ soro, chelating agents, adansifo afoforo ne polymers a ɛko tia redeposition polymers wɔ nnuru a ɛtete saa mu, a ebetumi akyere efĩ a efi nsu a wɔde hohoro mu no mu na amma ankɔhyɛ ntama no so bio.
Nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma a ne bo yɛ den sen biara no yɛ nea ɛda adi sɛ ɛwɔ nneɛma a ɛwɔ soro kɛse ne nneɛma afoforo ahorow a ɛma nipadua no yɛ adwuma, te sɛ nsa sulfates, nsa ethoxy sulfates, amine oxides, fatty acid samina ne cations. Asase a ɛkyere polymers a ɛyɛ nwonwa (ebinom a wɔayɛ ama nnwumakuw te sɛ Procter & Gamble ne Henkel) ne enzymes nso hyɛ saa kuw yi mu.
Nanso, Arif bɔ kɔkɔ sɛ nneɛma a wɔde yɛ aduan a wɔboaboa ano no de n’ankasa nsɛnnennen ba. Ɛde besi baabi no, nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho a wɔyɛ no yɛ nyansahu, na nnuruyɛfo nim sɛnea nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma mu te sɛ sɛnea nneɛma a ɛma nneɛma yɛ adwuma wɔ soro no yɛ adwuma.
Ɔkyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ: “Nanso, sɛ wɔyɛ aduru no wie a, saa nneɛma yi nyinaa bɛka wɔn ho wɔn ho, na wuntumi nkyerɛ nea aduru a etwa to no bɛyɛ ankasa.” “Ɛsɛ sɛ woda so ara sɔ hwɛ de hwɛ sɛ ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ asetra mu ankasa.”
Sɛ nhwɛso no, Arif kae sɛ, nneɛma a ɛma nipadua no yɛ adwuma wɔ soro ne adansifo betumi asiw enzyme dwumadi ano. Wɔn a wɔyɛ nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho no betumi de nnuru a ɛma enzyme gyina (te sɛ sodium borate ne calcium formate) adi dwuma de adi ɔhaw yi ho dwuma.
Franco Pala, nhwehwɛmu nyansahufo panyin a ɔwɔ Battelle’s World Detergent Project mu no kyerɛe sɛ nneɛma a ɛdɔɔso a ɛma nneɛma hohoro nneɛma a ɛwɔ soro a wohu wɔ nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma a ɛyɛ fɛ mu no nso betumi de ɔhaw ahorow aba. Pala kyerɛkyerɛɛ mu sɛ: “Ɛnyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔde nneɛma a ɛma nipadua no yɛ adwuma pii bɛka ho wɔ dodow a ɛdɔɔso saa mu.” Nsuo a ɛtumi nwura mu bɛyɛ ɔhaw, na nkitahodi bɔne a ɛda nneɛma a ɛma nsuo yɛ adwuma ntam nso bɛyɛ ɔhaw.
Battelle nhyehyɛe a ɛfa adetɔfo pii a Pala di anim no fii ase wɔ 1990 mfe no mfiase denam nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ wiase nyinaa nneɛma atitiriw a wɔde tew nneɛma ho no mu. Battelle de nyansahu mu nnwinnade ahorow di dwuma de boa wɔn a wɔyɛ nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma no wuranom ne wɔn a wɔde nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma no ma wɔkɔ akyiri sen nneɛma a wɔde yɛ no ma wɔte ase, sɛ nhwɛso no, sɛnea nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a ɛwɔ soro no ethoxylation te anaasɛ sɛ ebia nneɛma a wɔde yɛ nneɛma a ɛwɔ soro no akyi dompe no yɛ linear anaasɛ ɛyɛ nkorabata.
Para kae sɛ ɛnnɛ, polymers yɛ ade titiriw a ɛma wɔyɛ nneɛma foforo wɔ nneɛma a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho mu. Sɛ nhwɛso no, polyethyleneimine ethoxylate a ɛyɛ polymer a ɛtwetwe efĩ a BASF yɛ maa Procter & Gamble, nanso mprempren wɔn a wɔyɛ nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho no wɔ Tide ne Persil nneɛma nyinaa mu.
Pala kyerɛe sɛ wohu terephthalic acid copolymers nso wɔ nnuru a wɔde hohoro ntama a ɛyɛ papa bi mu, a ɛbɛkata ntama no so bere a wɔrehohoro no, na ama ayɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobeyi nkekae ne efĩ afi hɔ bere a wɔrehohoro no akyiri yi no. Battelle de nnwinnade te sɛ gel permeation chromatography di dwuma de tetew polymers mu na afei ɔde infrared spectroscopy di dwuma de kyerɛ sɛnea wɔahyehyɛ.
Battelle nhyehyɛe no nso hwɛ enzymes a ɛyɛ biotech nneɛma a wɔn a wɔyɛ no kɔ so tu mpɔn afe biara no yiye. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔahwɛ sɛnea enzyme no yɛ adwuma no, Pala kuw no de enzyme no too substrate bi a chromophore wom mu. Sɛ enzyme no sɛe substrate no a, chromophore no fi adi na wɔde absorption anaa fluorescence spectroscopy susuw.
Proteases a ɛtow hyɛ protein ahorow so no ne enzyme ahorow a edi kan a wɔde kaa nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho wɔ 1960 mfe no awiei mu hɔ. Akyiri yi enzymes a wɔde kaa akodekorabea no ho ne amylase a ɛporɔw starch, ne mannanase a ɛsɛe nneɛma a ɛma guar gum yɛ den no. Sɛ wɔhwie nnuan a guar wom (te sɛ ice cream ne barbecue sauce) gu ntade so a, chewing gum bɛkɔ so atra ntade no so bere a wɔahohoro mpo akyi. Wɔde ahyɛ ntama no mu na wɔde di dwuma te sɛ gluu a wɔde yɛ efĩ a ɛyɛ granular, na ɛma nkekae a ɛyɛ den sɛ wobeyi afi hɔ.
Persil ProClean Power-Liquid 2in1 ne Tide Ultra Stain Release nyinaa wɔ protease, amylase ne mannanase.
Lipase (a ebetumi aporɔw srade) ne cellulase (a wobetumi atew ho wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so denam glycosidic nhama bi a ɛwɔ kotoku mu a wɔde nsu gu mu so) nso wɔ persil mu de ayi efĩ a ɛbata nhama no ho no afi hɔ. Cellulase nso tumi ma kotoku yɛ mmerɛw na ɛma ne kɔla hyerɛn yiye. Bere koro no ara mu no, sɛnea tumi krataa ahorow kyerɛ no, ade soronko a ɛwɔ aduru a wɔde hohoro asorɔkye mu ne glucanase, a ebetumi asɛe polysaccharides a amylase ntumi nsɛe no.
Novozymes ne DuPont fi bere tenten ayɛ nneɛma atitiriw a wɔyɛ enzymes, nanso nnansa yi ara BASF ahyɛn adwuma no mu wɔ protease ahorow mu. Wɔ Cleaning Products Conference a wɔyɛe wɔ Germany wɔ afe a etwaam no osutɔbere mu no, BASF hyɛɛ ne protease foforo ne polyethyleneimine ethoxylate a wɔde bɛka abom no ho nkuran, na wɔkae sɛ afrafrade no ma adetɔfo a wɔpɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma hohoro wɔ ɔhyew a ɛba fam mu no yɛ adwuma yiye.
Nokwarem no, Arif ne gua so ahwɛfo afoforo ka sɛ sɛ wɔbɛma wɔn a wɔyɛ nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho kwan ma wɔayɛ nneɛma a enhia sɛ wɔmfa ahoɔden pii nni dwuma anaasɛ wɔbɔ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia ho ban fi abɔde mu no ne ɔhye a edi hɔ wɔ adwuma no mu. Wɔ May afe a etwaam no mu no, P&G de Tide Purclean, ne iconic brand no fã bi sii hɔ, a nneɛma a wɔde yɛ no 65% fi afifide mu. Afei, wɔ October mu no, Unilever nyaa Seventh Generation, adwumakuw bi a ɛyɛ afifide hohoro ne nneɛma afoforo a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛsan akɔ U.S. nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho gua so.
Ɛwom sɛ nneɛma a eye sen biara a wɔbɛdan no nnuru a wɔde hohoro nneɛma ho a wɔagye abasobɔde no yɛ asɛnnennen bere nyinaa de, nanso Arif kae sɛ “ade a ɛrekɔ so nnɛ no yɛ adebɔ mu ade kɛse.” “Adetɔfo rebisa sɛ, ‘Yɛbɛyɛ dɛn ayɛ nneɛma a wonya fi abɔde mu a awuduru nnim nnipa ne nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia, nanso ɛda so ara yɛ adwuma yiye?”