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Sɛ wohu ahopopo a ɛho hia (ET) ntɛm a, ebetumi ayɛ den, titiriw bere a wɔda nsow wɔ wɔn a wɔwɔ apɔwmuden a wɔde di dwuma (HC) ne Parkinson yare (PD) ho no. Nnansa yi, nhwehwɛmu a wɔayɛ wɔ nsu mu nhwɛsode mu de ahu awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete ne nea ɛsakra no ama wɔanya akwan foforo a wɔbɛfa so ahu biomarkers foforo a ɛkyerɛ nyarewa a ɛma ntini mu yare. Srade a ɛwɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn tiawa (SCFA), sɛ ade titiriw a ɛma afifide yɛ adwuma wɔ dwensɔtwaa mu no so tew wɔ nsu mu wɔ PD mu. Nanso, wɔnyɛɛ fecal SCFA ho nhwehwɛmu da wɔ ET mu. Yɛde sii yɛn ani so sɛ yɛbɛhwehwɛ SCFAs dodow a ɛwɔ nsu mu wɔ ET mu, ahwɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda wɔne ayaresabea sɛnkyerɛnne ne awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete ntam, na yɛahu tumi a wobetumi ahu. Wɔsusuu fecal SCFA ne gut microbiota wɔ ET 37, PD foforo 37, ne HC 35 mu. Wɔde nsenia na ɛhwɛɛ sɛnea akisikuru, autonomic dysfunction, ne sɛnea wosow no mu yɛ den. Ná propionate, butyrate, ne isobutyrate dodow a ɛwɔ nsu mu no sua wɔ ET mu sen HC mu. Propionic, butyric ne isobutyric acid a wɔaka abom no maa ET ne HC ntam nsonsonoe a AUC yɛ 0.751 (95% CI: 0.634–0.867). Na nsu mu isovaleric acid ne isobutyric acid dodow sua wɔ ET mu sen PD mu. Isovaleric acid ne isobutyric acid yɛ nyiyim wɔ ET ne PD ntam a AUC yɛ 0.743 (95% CI: 0.629–0.857). Fecal propionate ne akisikuru ne autonomic dysfunction wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira. Isobutyric acid ne isovaleric acid ne sɛnea wosow no mu yɛ den no wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira. Na SCFA a ɛwɔ nsu mu a ɛso tew no ne Faecalibacterium ne Streptobacterium dodow a ɛso tew wɔ ET no mu no wɔ abusuabɔ. Enti, SCFA a ɛwɔ nsu mu no so tew wɔ ET mu na ɛne sɛnea ayaresabea mfonini no mu yɛ den ne nsakrae a ɛba wɔ dwensɔtwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete mu no wɔ abusuabɔ. Propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, ne isovaleric acid a ɛwɔ nsu mu no betumi ayɛ biomarkers a ebetumi ahu ne nsonsonoe a wɔde hu ET.
Essential tremor (ET) yɛ ntini mu yare a ɛkɔ so yɛ den a enni sabea a nea ɛda nsow titiriw ne nipadua no atifi a ɛwosow, na ebetumi aka nipadua no afã afoforo te sɛ ti, ɛnne nhama, ne ntini a ɛwɔ fam nso 1 . Ɛnyɛ nipadua mu yare ho sɛnkyerɛnne nko na ɛka ET ho wɔ ayaresabea na mmom sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow bi a ɛnyɛ ntini mu yare nso, a yafunu mu yare ka ho 2 . Wɔayɛ nhwehwɛmu pii de ahwehwɛ ɔyare ne nipadua mu su ahorow a ɛwɔ wosow a ɛho hia mu, nanso wɔanhu ɔyare mmoawa ho akwan a ɛda adi pefee3,4. Nnansa yi nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ sɛ microbiota-gut-brain axis no dwumadi a ɛnkɔ yiye no betumi aboa ma ntini mu nyarewa asɛe, na adanse a ɛrenya nkɔanim wɔ hɔ a ɛkyerɛ sɛ abusuabɔ bi betumi aba akwan abien so wɔ gut microbiota ne neurodegenerative nyarewa ntam5,6. Nea ɛda nsow ne sɛ, wɔ asɛm bi ho amanneɛbɔ mu no, nsu mu mmoawa nketenkete a wɔde si ananmu no maa ɔyarefo bi ho popo a ɛho hia ne dwensɔtwaa a ɛyɛ abufuw nyinaa nyaa nkɔso, na ebia ɛbɛkyerɛ abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den a ɛda awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete ne ahopopo a ɛho hia ntam. Afei nso, yehuu nsakrae pɔtee bi nso wɔ awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete mu wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET mu, a ɛfoa dwuma titiriw a awotwaa mu dysbiosis di wɔ ET8 mu no so denneennen.
Ɛdefa gut dysbiosis wɔ neurodegenerative nyarewa mu ho no, PD ne nea wɔayɛ ho nhwehwɛmu kɛse5. Microbiota a ɛnkari pɛ betumi ama dwensɔtwaa mu nsu a ɛkɔ mu no ayɛ kɛse na ama dwensɔtwaa mu glia ayɛ adwuma, na ɛde alpha-synucleinopathies9,10,11 aba. PD ne ET wɔ su ahorow bi a ɛka bom, te sɛ mpɛn dodow a ɛwosow wɔ ET ne PD ayarefo mu, ahomegye a ɛwosow a ɛka bom (wosow a ɛtaa ba wɔ PD mu), ne gyinabea a ɛwosow (a wohu dodow no ara wɔ ET ayarefo mu), na ɛma ɛyɛ den sɛ wobehu nsonsonoe a ɛda wɔn ntam. mfiase 12. Enti, ɛsɛ sɛ yebue mfɛnsere a mfaso wɔ so ntɛm ara na ama yɛahu nsonsonoe a ɛda ET ne PD ntam. Wɔ saa tebea yi mu no, dwensɔtwaa mu dysbiosis pɔtee ne metabolite nsakrae a ɛbata ho a wobesua wɔ ET mu na wɔahu nsonsonoe a ɛda wɔne PD ntam no betumi abɛyɛ biomarkers a ebetumi ayɛ biomarkers a wɔde hwehwɛ ET ne nsonsonoe a wɔde hu.
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) ne metabolites titire a ɛnam intestinal bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber so na wosusuw sɛ ɛdi dwuma titire wɔ gut-brain nkitahodi mu13,14. SCFA ahorow no, akyi berɛmo mu nkwammoaa fa na ɛde kɔ mmerɛbo no mu denam portal venous system no so, na SCFA ahorow bi hyɛn nhyehyɛe no mu mogya a ɛkɔ nipadua no mu no mu. SCFAs wɔ mpɔtam hɔ nkɛntɛnsoɔ wɔ dwensɔtwaa akwansideɛ no mudi mu kura ne awosuo mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa wɔ dwensɔtwaa mu ntini mu15. Wɔsan nso nya mogya ne amemene akwanside (BBB) ​​so nkɛntɛnso bere tenten denam protein ahorow a ɛkanyan ntini a ɛyɛ den a ɛkanyan ne ntini ahorow a ɛkanyan denam G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) a ɛkanyan ma ɛtwa BBB16 no so. Acetate, propionate, ne butyrate ne SCFA ahorow a ɛdɔɔso sen biara wɔ akyi berɛmo mu. Nhwehwɛmu a atwam no ada no adi sɛ acetic, propionic ne butyric acid dodow a ɛwɔ nsu mu no so tew wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ Parkinson yare no mu17. Nanso, wɔnyɛɛ SCFA dodow a ɛwɔ nsu mu ho nhwehwɛmu da wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET mu.
Enti, na yɛn nhwehwɛmu no atirimpɔw ne sɛ yebehu nsakrae pɔtee a ɛba wɔ nsu mu SCFA mu wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET mu ne nsonsonoe a ɛda wɔn ntam wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ PD ntam, ahwehwɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda nsu mu SCFA ne SCFA ne dwensɔtwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete ho sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow ntam, na yɛahu tumi a ebetumi aba sɛ wobehu ne nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ nsu mu nhwɛsode ahorow mu. KZHK na ɔkyerɛwee. Nea ɛbɛyɛ na yɛadi nneɛma a ɛma adwene tu fra a ɛbata nnuru a wɔde ko tia PD ho dwuma no, yɛpaw ayarefo a wɔwɔ Parkinson yare a efi ase foforo sɛ wɔn a wɔde siw yare ano.
Wɔabobɔ nnipa dodow ne ayaresabea su ahorow a ɛwɔ ET 37, PD 37, ne HC 35 no so wɔ Table 1. Wɔde mfe, ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna, ne BMI totoo ET, PD, ne HC ho. Ná akuw abiɛsa no nso wɔ sigaretnom, nsa a wɔnom ne kɔfe ne tii a wɔnom no dodow a ɛte saa ara. Wexner nkontabuo (P = 0.004) ne HAMD-17 nkontabuo (P = 0.001) a ɛwɔ PD kuw no mu no korɔn sene HC kuw no de no, na HAMA nkontabuo (P = 0.011) ne HAMD-17 nkontabuo (P = 0.011) a ɛwɔ ET kuw no mu no korɔn sene HC kuw no de no. Yare no kwan a ɛkɔɔ so wɔ ET kuw no mu no kyɛe kɛse sen PD kuw no mu (P<0.001).
Nsonsonoe kɛse baa nsu mu propionic acid (P = 0.023), acetic acid (P = 0.039), butyric acid (P = 0.020), isovaleric acid (P = 0.045), ne isobutyric acid (P = 0.015) dodow mu. . Wɔ nhwehwɛmu foforo a wɔyɛe wɔ akyi mu no, na propionic acid (P = 0.023), butyric acid (P = 0.007), ne isobutyric acid (P = 0.040) dodow a ɛwɔ ET kuw no mu no sua koraa sen nea ɛwɔ HC kuw no mu no. Ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET no nyaa isovalerate (P = 0.014) ne isobutyrate (P = 0.005) a ɛba fam sen ayarefo a wɔwɔ PD no. Afei nso, na nsu mu propionic acid (P = 0.013), acetic acid (P = 0.016), ne butyric acid (P = 0.041) dodow sua wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ PD mu sen ayarefo a wɔwɔ CC (Mfonini 1 ne Supplementary Table 1) .
ag gyina hɔ ma kuw ntotoho a ɛfa propionic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid ne isobutyric acid ho. Nsonsonoe kɛse baa nsu mu propionic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid ne isobutyric acid dodow mu wɔ akuw abiɛsa no ntam. ET a ɛho hia a ɛwosow, Parkinson yare, HC a ɛwɔ apɔwmuden a wɔde di dwuma, SCFA. Nsonsonoe titiriw no, wɔde *P < 0.05 ne **P < 0.01 kyerɛ.
Bere a yesusuw nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ yare no kwan mu wɔ ET kuw no ne PD kuw no ntam no, yɛsɔɔ ayarefo 33 a wɔwɔ PD mfiase ne ayarefo 16 a wɔwɔ ET (yare no kwan ≤3 mfe) hwɛe de yɛɛ ntotoho foforo (Supplementary Table 2). Nea efii mu bae no kyerɛe sɛ fecal propionic acid a ɛwɔ ET mu no sua koraa sen HA de no (P=0.015). Nsonsonoe a ɛda ET ne HC ntam wɔ butyric acid ne isobutyric acid ho no nyɛ kɛse, nanso na wɔda so ara hu su bi ( P = 0.082). Fecal isobutyrate dodow kɔɔ fam kɛse wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET mu bere a wɔde totoo ayarefo a wɔwɔ PD ho no ( P = 0.030). Nsonsonoe a ɛda ET ne PD a ɛwɔ isovaleric acid ntam no nyɛ nea ɛho hia, nanso na su bi da so ara wɔ hɔ ( P = 0.084). Propionic acid (P = 0.023), acetic acid (P = 0.020), ne butyric acid (P = 0.044) kɔɔ fam kɛse wɔ PD ayarefo mu sen HC ayarefo mu. Saa nsunsuansoɔ yi (Mfonini a Wɔde Ka Ho 1) taa ne nea ɛfiri mu ba titire no hyia. Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ nea efii mu bae wɔ nhwɛsode no nyinaa ne ayarefo kuw ketewa a wodii kan bae no ntam no betumi afi nhwɛsode no kɛse a ɛyɛ ketewaa wɔ kuw ketewa no mu, na ɛde akontaabu tumi a ɛwɔ nsɛm no mu no ba fam.
Afei yɛhwehwɛɛ sɛ ebia nsu mu SCFA dodow betumi ama nsonsonoe ada ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET ne ayarefo a wɔwɔ CU anaa PD ntam anaa. Sɛnea ROC nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ no, nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ AUC a ɛwɔ propionate dodow mu no yɛ 0.668 (95% CI: 0.538-0.797), na ɛmaa wotumi kyerɛɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET ne HC ntam. Wobetumi de butyrate dodow a AUC yɛ 0.685 (95% CI: 0.556–0.814) ahu ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET ne GC no nsonsonoe. Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ isobutyric acid dodow mu no betumi ama nsonsonoe ada ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET ne HC a AUC yɛ 0.655 (95% CI: 0.525–0.786) ntam. Sɛ wɔka propionate, butyrate ne isobutyrate dodow bom a, wonya AUC a ɛkorɔn a ɛyɛ 0.751 (95% CI: 0.634–0.867) a ɛyɛ nkate 74.3% ne pɔteeyɛ 72.9% (Mfonini 2a). Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔahu nsonsonoe a ɛda ET ne PD ayarefo ntam no, AUC a ɛwɔ isovaleric acid dodow mu no yɛ 0.700 (95% CI: 0.579–0.822) na ma isobutyric acid dodow yɛ 0.718 (95% CI: 0.599–0.836). Isovaleric acid ne isobutyric acid dodoɔ a wɔaka abom no nyaa AUC a ɛkorɔn a ɛyɛ 0.743 (95% CI: 0.629–0.857), nkateɛ a ɛyɛ 74.3% ne specificity a ɛyɛ 62.9% (Mfonini 2b). Afei nso, yɛhwehwɛɛ sɛ ebia SCFA dodow a ɛwɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ Parkinson yare no nsu mu no yɛ soronko wɔ wɔn a wɔhwɛ wɔn no ho anaa. Sɛnea ROC nhwehwɛmu kyerɛ no, AUC a wɔde hu ayarefo a wɔwɔ PD a egyina nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ propionic acid dodow mu so no yɛ 0.687 (95% CI: 0.559-0.814), a nkate yɛ 68.6% ne pɔteeyɛ yɛ 68.7%. Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ acetate dodow mu no betumi ama nsonsonoe ada PD ayarefo ne HC ahorow a AUC yɛ 0.674 (95% CI: 0.542–0.805) ntam. Wobetumi akyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda ayarefo a wɔwɔ PD ntam denam butyrate dodow a AUC yɛ 0.651 (95% CI: 0.515–0.787) nkutoo so. Sɛ wɔka propionate, acetate ne butyrate dodow bom a, wonya AUC a ɛyɛ 0.682 (95% CI: 0.553–0.811) (Mfonini 2c).
Russia Ortodɔks Asɔre no mu nyiyim a wɔyɛ tia ET ne HC; b nyiyim a Russia Ortodɔks Asɔre no yɛ tia ET ne PD; c ROC nyiyim a wɔyɛ tia PD ne HC. ET a ɛho hia a ɛwosow, Parkinson yare, HC a ɛwɔ apɔwmuden a wɔde di dwuma, SCFA.
Wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET mu no, na nsu mu isobutyric acid dodow ne FTM nkontabuo (r = -0.349, P = 0.034) wɔ abusuabɔ bɔne, na nsuo mu isovaleric acid dodoɔ ne FTM nkontabuo (r = -0.421, P = 0.001) ne TETRAS nkontabuo wɔ abusuabɔ bɔne. (r = -0.382, P = 0.020) na ɛyɛ adwuma. Wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET ne PD mu no, na nsu mu propionate dodow ne SCOPA-AUT nkontabuo wɔ abusuabɔ bɔne (r = −0.236, P = 0.043) ( Mfonini 3 ne Supplementary Table 3 ). Na abusuabɔ titiriw biara nni yare no kwan ne SCFA ntam wɔ ET kuw no mu (P ≥ 0.161) anaa PD kuw no mu (P ≥ 0.246) (Supplementary Table 4). Wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ PD mu no, na nsu mu caproic acid dodow ne MDS-UPDRS nkontabuo wɔ abusuabɔ pa (r = 0.335, P = 0.042). Wɔ wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no nyinaa mu no, fecal propionate (r = −0.230, P = 0.016) ne acetate (r = −0.210, P = 0.029) dodow ne Wexner nkontabuo no wɔ abusuabɔ bɔne ( Mfonini 3 ne Supplementary Table 3 ).
Fecal isobutyric acid dodoɔ ne FTM nkontabuo wɔ abusuabɔ bɔne, isovaleric acid ne FTM ne TETRAS nkontabuo wɔ abusuabɔ bɔne, propionic acid ne SCOPA-AUT nkontabuo wɔ abusuabɔ bɔne, caproic acid ne MDS-UPDRS nkontabuo wɔ abusuabɔ pa, na propionic acid ne FTM ne TETRAS nkontabuo wɔ abusuabɔ bɔne. Na TETRAS ne acetic acid ne Wexner nkontabuo no wɔ abusuabɔ bɔne. MDS-UPDRS Fekuw no boae a ɛyɛ Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination MMSE, Hamilton Adwenemhaw Nhwehwɛmu Scale HAMD-17, nneɛma 17, Hamilton Dadwen Nhwehwɛmu Scale HAMA, HY Hoehn ne Yahr stages, SCFA, SCOPA – AUT Parkinson Yare no Autonomic Symptom Outcome Scale, FTM Fana-Tolosa-Marin Ayaresa mu Wosow Nhwehwɛmu Nhwehwɛmu, TETRAS Nhwehwɛmu Kuw (TRG) Ɛho Hia Wowosow Nhwehwɛmu Nhwehwɛmu. Nsonsonoe titiriw no, wɔde *P < 0.05 ne **P < 0.01 kyerɛ.
Yɛkɔɔ so hwehwɛɛ nyiyim su a ɛwɔ gut microbiota mu denam LEfSE nhwehwɛmu so na yɛpaw genus relative abundance data level no maa nhwehwɛmu foforo. Wɔde totoo ET ne HC ne ET ne PD ntam. Afei wɔyɛɛ Spearman nkitahodi nhwehwɛmu wɔ awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete ne nsu mu SCFA dodow a ɛwɔ akuw abien a wɔde totoo ho no mu.
Faecalibacterium (a ɛne butyric acid wɔ abusuabɔ, r = 0.408, P < 0.001), Lactobacillus (a ɛne butyric acid wɔ abusuabɔ, r = 0.283, P = 0.016), Streptobacterium (a ɛne propionic acid wɔ abusuabɔ, r = 0.327) wɔ ET ne CA nhwehwɛmu no mu. , P = 0.005 na ɛwɔ hɔ; a ɛne butyric acid wɔ abusuabɔ, r = 0.374, P = 0.001; ɛne isobutyric acid wɔ abusuabɔ, r = 0.329, P = 0.005), Howardella (ɛne propionic acid wɔ abusuabɔ, r = 0.242, P = 0.041), Raoultella (ɛne propionate wɔ abusuabɔ, r = 0.249, P = 0.035), ne Candidatus Arthromitus (ɛne isobutyric acid, r = wɔ abusuabɔ 0.302, P = 0.010) na wohui sɛ ET so tew na ɛne fecal SCFA dodow wɔ abusuabɔ pa. Nanso, Stenotropomonas dodow kɔɔ soro wɔ ET mu na ɛne fecal isobutyrate dodow wɔ abusuabɔ bɔne (r = -0.250, P = 0.034). FDR nsakrae akyi no, abusuabɔ a ɛda Faecalibacterium, Catenibacter, ne SCFA ntam nkutoo na ɛkɔɔ so yɛɛ nea ɛho hia (P ≤ 0.045) (Mfonini 4 ne Supplementary Table 5).
Nkitahodi nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛe wɔ ET ne HC ho. Wɔ FDR nsakrae akyi no, wohui sɛ Faecalibacterium (a ɛne butyrate wɔ abusuabɔ pa) ne Streptobacterium (a ɛne propionate, butyrate, ne isobutyrate wɔ abusuabɔ pa) dodow so tew wɔ ET mu na ɛne nsu mu SCFA dodow wɔ abusuabɔ pa. b Nkitahodi nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa ET ne PD ho. Wɔ FDR nsakrae akyi no, wɔanhu fekubɔ titiriw biara. ET a ɛho hia a ɛwosow, Parkinson yare, HC a ɛwɔ apɔwmuden a wɔde di dwuma, SCFA. Nsonsonoe titiriw no, wɔde *P < 0.05 ne **P < 0.01 kyerɛ.
Sɛ wɔreyɛ ET ne PD nhwehwɛmu a, wohui sɛ Clostridium trichophyton kɔ soro wɔ ET mu na ɛne fecal isovaleric acid (r = -0.238, P = 0.041) ne isobutyric acid (r = -0.257, P = 0.027) wɔ abusuabɔ. ). FDR nsakrae akyi no, emu biara kɔɔ so yɛɛ nea ɛho hia (P≥0.295) (Mfonini 4 ne Supplementary Table 5).
Saa nhwehwɛmu yi yɛ nhwehwɛmu a ɛkɔ akyiri a ɛhwehwɛ SCFA dodow a ɛwɔ nsu mu na ɛde bata nsakrae a ɛba awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete ne sɛnkyerɛnne ahorow a emu yɛ den mu wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET mu bere a wɔde toto ayarefo a wɔwɔ CU ne PD ho no ho. Yehui sɛ nsu mu SCFA dodow so tew wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET mu na ɛne ayaresabea mu denden ne nsakrae pɔtee a ɛba awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete mu no wɔ abusuabɔ. Srade a ɛwɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn tiawa (SCFA) dodow a wɔaboaboa ano wɔ nsu mu no ma nsonsonoe da ET ne GC ne PD ntam.
Sɛ wɔde toto GC ayarefo ho a, ET ayarefo no wɔ propionic, butyric, ne isobutyric acid dodow a ɛba fam wɔ nsu mu. Propionic, butyric ne isobutyric acids a wɔaka abom no tumi kyerɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda ET ne HC ntam a AUC yɛ 0.751 (95% CI: 0.634–0.867), nkateɛ yɛ 74.3% ne specificity 72.9%, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde di dwuma sɛ dwumadie a ɛbɛtumi adi sɛ biomarkers a wɔde hwehwɛ ET. Nhwehwɛmu foforo kyerɛe sɛ fecal propionic acid dodow ne Wexner nkontabuo ne SCOPA-AUT nkontabuo no wɔ abusuabɔ bɔne. Na fecal isobutyric acid dodow ne FTM nkontabuo no wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira. Ɔkwan foforo so no, na butyrate dodow a ɛso tew wɔ ET mu no ne mmoawa nketenkete a wɔyɛ SCFA, Faecalibacterium, ne Categorybacter dodow a ɛso tew no wɔ abusuabɔ. Bio nso, na Catenibacter dodow a ɛso tew wɔ ET mu nso ne nsu mu propionic ne isobutyric acid dodow a ɛso tew no wɔ abusuabɔ.
SCFA dodow no ara a wɔyɛ wɔ akyi berɛmo no mu no, colonocytes no fa monocarboxylate transporters a egyina H+ so anaa egyina sodium so titiriw. Wɔde srade a ɛwɔ nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn tiawa a wɔtwe no di dwuma sɛ ahoɔden fibea ma colonocytes, bere a wɔde nea ɛnsakra wɔ colonocytes mu no kɔ portal circulation no mu 18 . SCFAs tumi nya dwensɔtwaa mu nkɔso so nkɛntɛnso, ɛma dwensɔtwaa akwanside dwumadi yɛ kɛse, na ɛwɔ ɔyarefo no nipadua mu nneɛma a ɛsakra ne nipadua mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia nyarewa so nkɛntɛnso19. Kan no na wɔahu sɛ butyrate, acetate, ne propionate dodow a ɛwɔ nsu mu no so tew wɔ PD ayarefo mu bere a wɔde toto HCs17 ho no, na ɛne nea yenya fii mu no hyia. Yɛn nhwehwɛmu no hui sɛ SCFA so tew wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET mu, nanso wonnim pii fa dwuma a SCFA di wɔ ET yare mu no ho. Butyrate ne propionate tumi kyekyere GPCRs na nya GPCR-gyina sɛnkyerɛnne te sɛ MAPK ne NF-κB20 nsɛnkyerɛnne so nkɛntɛnso. Adwene titiriw a ɛwɔ gut-brain axis no mu ne sɛ SCFA ahorow a gut microbes yi fi mu no betumi anya host signaling so nkɛntɛnso, na ɛnam so anya gut ne amemene no dwumadi so nkɛntɛnso. Esiane sɛ butyrate ne propionate wɔ tumi a emu yɛ den a esiw histone deacetylase (HDAC) dwumadi ano21 na butyrate nso tumi yɛ adwuma sɛ ligand ma nkyerɛwee mu nneɛma nti, ɛwɔ nkɛntɛnso a ɛtrɛw wɔ host metabolism, nsonsonoe ne proliferation so, titiriw esiane nkɛntɛnso a wɔwɔ wɔ gene regulation so Wogyina adanse a efi SCFA ne ntini mu nyarewa a ɛma ntini mu yare mu so bu butyrate sɛ ɛyɛ ayaresa esiane tumi a etumi siesie HDAC dwumadi a asɛe, a ebetumi ayɛ ntamgyinafo wɔ dopaminergic ntini mu owu wɔ PD23,24,25 mu nti. Mmoa ho nhwehwɛmu nso ada no adi sɛ butyric acid tumi siw dopaminergic neuron degeneration ano na ɛma kankyee mu haw ahorow tu mpɔn wɔ PD nhwɛso ahorow mu26,27. Wɔahu sɛ propionic acid to ɔhyew ho mmuae ano hye na ɛbɔ BBB no mudi mu kura ho ban28,29. Nhwehwɛmu ahorow ada no adi sɛ propionic acid boa ma dopaminergic ntini ahorow no tra ase wɔ rotenone awuduru ho mmuaema mu wɔ PD nhwɛso ahorow 30 mu na propionic acid a wɔde ma wɔ ano no gye dopaminergic ntini a ɛyera ne nipadua mu ntini a ɛyɛ adwuma yiye wɔ mprako a wɔwɔ PD Kakraa bi na wonim fa sɛnea isobutyric acid yɛ ho. Nanso, nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe nnansa yi daa no adi sɛ mprako a wɔde B. ovale yɛɛ wɔn atubrafo no maa SCFA a ɛwɔ dwensɔtwaa mu (a acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, ne isovalerate ka ho) ne GABA dodow a ɛwɔ dwensɔtwaa mu no kɔɔ soro, na esi so dua sɛ wɔahu abusuabɔ bi a ɛda awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete ne dwensɔtwaa mu SCFA ntam. ntini mu nkwaadɔm a ɛma mogya tu no dodow32. Wɔ ET fam no, nsakrae a ɛnteɛ a ɛba wɔ ɔyare mmoawa mu wɔ amemene no mu no bi ne nsakrae a ɛba Purkinje nkwammoaa axons ne dendrites mu, Purkinje nkwammoaa a ɛtu kɔ baabi foforo na ɛyera, nsakrae a ɛba basket cell axons mu, ne nea ɛnteɛ wɔ fiber nkitahodi a ɛforo kɔ Purkinje nkwammoaa mu. nuclei, a ɛma GABAergic a efi amemene no mu ba no so tew3,4,33. Ɛda so ara yɛ nea wontumi nhu sɛ ebia SCFA ahorow ne Purkinje nkwammoaa ntini mu yare ne amemene mu GABA a ɛso tew wɔ abusuabɔ anaa. Nea yenya fii mu no kyerɛ sɛ abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den da SCFA ne ET ntam; nanso, nhwehwɛmu nhyehyɛe a wɔayɛ no cross-sectional no mma kwan mma wɔmfa nsɛm biara a wɔde ba awiei wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛda SCFA ne ET yare nhyehyɛe no ntam a ɛde ba no ho. Nhwehwɛmu foforo a wɔde di akyi bere tenten ho hia, a nea ɛka ho ne nsu mu SCFA ahorow a wɔsusuw nnidiso nnidiso, ne mmoa ho nhwehwɛmu a wɔhwehwɛ akwan horow a wɔfa so yɛ adwuma no mu.
Wosusuw sɛ SCFAs kanyan colonic smooth muscle contractility34. SCFA a wonni no bɛma akisikuru ho sɛnkyerɛnne no ayɛ kɛse, na SCFA a wɔde ka ho no betumi ama akisikuru ho sɛnkyerɛnne atu mpɔn PD35. Nea yenya fii mu no nso kyerɛ abusuabɔ titiriw bi a ɛda SCFA a ɛwɔ nsu mu a ɛso tew ne akisikuru a ɛkɔ soro ne autonomic dysfunction a ɛkɔ soro wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET mu no ntam. Asɛm bi ho amanneɛbɔ hui sɛ microbiota a wɔde ma afoforo no maa wosow a ɛho hia ne dwensɔtwaa a ɛyɛ abufuw nyinaa nyaa nkɔso wɔ ɔyarefo 7 mu, na ɛkyerɛ bio sɛ ​​abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den da awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete ne ET ntam. Enti, yegye di sɛ fecal SCFA/microbiota betumi anya host intestinal motility ne autonomic nervous system dwumadi so nkɛntɛnso.
Nhwehwɛmu no hui sɛ nsu mu SCFA dodow a ɛso tew wɔ ET mu no ne Faecalibacterium (a ɛne butyrate wɔ abusuabɔ) ne Streptobacterium (a ɛne propionate, butyrate, ne isobutyrate wɔ abusuabɔ) dodow a ɛso tew no wɔ abusuabɔ. FDR nteɛso akyi no, saa abusuabɔ yi da so ara yɛ nea ɛho hia. Faecalibacterium ne Streptobacterium yɛ mmoawa nketenkete a wɔyɛ SCFA. Wonim sɛ Faecalibacterium yɛ mmoawa nketenkete a wɔyɛ butyrate36, bere a nneɛma atitiriw a efi Catenibacter a wɔde yɛ aduru mu ba ne acetate, butyrate ne lactic acid37. Wohuu faecalibacterium wɔ ET ne HC akuw no nyinaa mu 100% mu; ET kuw no dodow a ɛwɔ ntam no yɛ 2.06% na HC kuw no de yɛ 3.28% (LDA 3.870). Wohuu ɔyare mmoawa a ɛwɔ ɔfã no mu wɔ HC kuw no mu 21.6% (8/37) mu na ET kuw no mu nhwɛsode 1 nkutoo mu (1/35). Streptobacteria a ɛso tew na wontumi nhu wɔ ET mu no nso betumi akyerɛ sɛ ɛne yare no a ɛde ɔyare ba no wɔ abusuabɔ. Catenibacter ahodoɔ dodoɔ a ɛwɔ HC kuw no mu no yɛ 0.07% (LDA 2.129). Bio nso, na lactic acid mmoawa ne nsakrae a ɛba fecal butyrate mu (P=0.016, P=0.096 wɔ FDR nsakrae akyi), na arthritis candidate ne nsakrae a ɛba isobutyrate mu (P=0.016, P=0.072 wɔ FDR nsakrae akyi) wɔ abusuabɔ. FDR nteɛso akyi no, abusuabɔ su no nkutoo na ɛka, a ɛnyɛ akontaabu mu ade titiriw. Wonim nso sɛ lactobacilli yɛ SCFA (acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid) a wɔyɛ 38 na Candidatus Arthromitus yɛ ade pɔtee a ɛma T boafo 17 (Th17) nkwammoaa mu nsonsonoe ba, a Th1/2 ne Tregs ne nipadua no mu tumi a ɛko tia nyarewa kari pɛ /Th1739 wɔ abusuabɔ. . Nhwehwɛmu bi a wɔyɛe nnansa yi kyerɛ sɛ ebia nsu mu akisikuru dodow a ɛkɔ soro no bɛma akyi berɛmo mu ayɛ hyew, dwensɔtwaa akwanside a entumi nyɛ adwuma yiye, ne nhyehyɛe mu ɔfe 40 . Clostridium trichophyton kɔɔ soro wɔ ET mu bere a wɔde totoo PD ho no. Wohui sɛ Clostridium trichoides dodow ne isovaleric acid ne isobutyric acid wɔ abusuabɔ bɔne. FDR nsakrae akyi no, abien no nyinaa kɔɔ so yɛɛ nea ɛho hia (P≥0.295). Clostridium pilosum yɛ ɔyare mmoawa a wonim sɛ ɛne ɔfe wɔ abusuabɔ na ebetumi ama dwensɔtwaa akwanside no ntumi nyɛ adwuma yiye41. Yɛn nhwehwɛmu a atwam no bɔɔ amanneɛ sɛ nsakrae aba ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET8 awotwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete mu. Ɛha nso yɛbɔ nsakraeɛ a ɛba SCFAs mu wɔ ET mu ho amanneɛ na yɛkyerɛ abusuabɔ bi a ɛda gut dysbiosis ne nsakraeɛ a ɛba SCFAs mu ntam. SCFA dodow a ɛso tew no ne dwensɔtwaa mu dysbiosis ne wosow a emu yɛ den wɔ ET mu no wɔ abusuabɔ kɛse. Nea yenya fii mu no kyerɛ sɛ ebia gut-brain axis no di dwuma titiriw wɔ ET yare no mu, nanso nhwehwɛmu foforo a wɔyɛ wɔ mmoa nhwɛso ahorow mu ho hia.
Sɛ wɔde toto ayarefo a wɔwɔ PD ho a, ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET no wɔ isovaleric ne isobutyric acid dodow a ɛba fam wɔ wɔn nsu mu. Isovaleric acid ne isobutyric acid a wɔaka abom no kyerɛɛ ET wɔ PD mu a AUC yɛ 0.743 (95% CI: 0.629–0.857), nkateɛ yɛ 74.3% ne specificity 62.9%, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔn dwumadie a ɛbɛtumi adi sɛ biomarkers wɔ nsonsonoeɛ a wɔde hwehwɛ ET mu. . Na fecal isovaleric acid dodow ne FTM ne TETRAS nkontabuo no wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira. Na fecal isobutyric acid dodow ne FTM nkontabuo no wɔ abusuabɔ a ɛne no bɔ abira. Na isobutyric acid dodow a ɛso tew no ne catobacteria dodow a ɛso tew no wɔ abusuabɔ. Kakraa bi na wonim fa isovaleric acid ne isobutyric acid dwumadi ho. Nhwehwɛmu bi a atwam kyerɛe sɛ mprako a wɔde Bacteroides ovale yɛɛ wɔn atubrafo no maa SCFA a ɛwɔ dwensɔtwaa mu (a acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, ne isovalerate ka ho) ne GABA dodow a ɛwɔ dwensɔtwaa mu no kɔɔ soro, na ɛkyerɛɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda dwensɔtwaa mu wɔ microbiota ne dwensɔtwaa mu SCFA/neurotransmitter dodow ntam Nea ɛyɛ anigye no, na isobutyric acid dodow a wohui no yɛ pɛ wɔ PD ne HC akuw no ntam, nanso na ɛsono ET ne PD (anaa HC) akuw no ntam. Isobutyric acid tumi kyerɛɛ nsonsonoeɛ a ɛda ET ne PD ntam a AUC yɛ 0.718 (95% CI: 0.599–0.836) na ɛkyerɛ ET ne NC a AUC yɛ 0.655 (95% CI: 0.525–0.786). Nea ɛka ho no, isobutyric acid dodow ne sɛnea wosow no mu yɛ den no wɔ abusuabɔ, na ɛma abusuabɔ a ɛda ne ET ntam no mu yɛ den bio. Asɛmmisa a ɛne sɛ ebia isobutyric acid a wɔnom betumi atew ahopopo a emu yɛ den so wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET mu no fata nhwehwɛmu foforo.
Enti, SCFA a ɛwɔ nsu mu no so tew wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET mu na ɛne ET a emu yɛ den wɔ ayaresabea ne nsakrae pɔtee a ɛba wɔ dwensɔtwaa mu mmoawa nketenkete mu no wɔ abusuabɔ. Fecal propionate, butyrate, ne isobutyrate betumi ayɛ biomarkers a wɔde hwehwɛ ET, bere a isobutyrate ne isovalrate betumi ayɛ biomarkers a wɔde hu ET a ɛsono emu biara. Nsakrae a ɛba fecal isobutyrate mu no betumi ayɛ nea ɛfa ET ho pɔtee sen nsakrae a ɛba SCFA afoforo mu.
Yɛn adesua no wɔ anohyeto ahorow pii. Nea edi kan no, aduan nhyehyɛe ne aduan a wɔpɛ betumi anya microbiota a wɔda no adi so nkɛntɛnso, nhwehwɛmu nhwɛso akɛse a ɛwɔ nnipa ahorow mu ho hia, na ɛsɛ sɛ daakye nhwehwɛmu de aduan ho nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ na ɛyɛ nhyehyɛe te sɛ nsɛmmisa a wɔde bisa aduan mpɛn pii ba. Nea ɛtɔ so mmienu, cross-sectional study design no siw nsɛm biara a wɔde bɛba a ɛfa abusuabɔ a ɛde ba a ɛda SCFAs ne ET nkɔsoɔ ntam no ano. Nhwehwɛmu foforo a wɔde bere tenten di akyi a wɔde susuw nsu mu SCFA ahorow nnidiso nnidiso ho hia. Nea ɛto so abiɛsa no, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔde nhwɛsode ahorow a ɛde ne ho a efi ET, HC, ne PD mu di dwuma de di tumi a ɛma wotumi hu ne nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ nsu mu SCFA dodow mu no ho adanse. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔsɔ nsu a wɔde yɛ nsu a ɛde ne ho pii hwɛ daakye. Awiei koraa no, ayarefo a wɔwɔ PD wɔ yɛn kuw no mu no nyaa yare no bere tiaa koraa sen ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET no. Yɛde ET, PD ne HC yɛɛ pɛ titiriw denam mfe, ɔbarima ne ɔbea nna ne BMI so. Esiane nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ yare no kwan mu wɔ ET kuw no ne PD kuw no ntam nti, yɛsan nso yɛɛ ayarefo 33 a na wɔwɔ PD mfiase ne ayarefo 16 a wɔwɔ ET (yare no bere tenten ≤mfe 3) ho nhwehwɛmu de yɛɛ ntotoho foforo. Nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ akuw ntam wɔ SCFA mu no taa ne yɛn nsɛm titiriw no hyia. Bio nso, yɛanhu abusuabɔ biara a ɛda bere tenten a yare no di ne nsakrae a ɛba SCFA mu no ntam. Nanso daakye no, ɛbɛyɛ papa sɛ wɔbɛfa ayarefo a wɔwɔ PD ne ET ntɛm a yare no kyɛ na wɔawie adansedi no wɔ nhwɛsode kɛse bi mu.
Ruijin Ayaresabea a ɛka Shanghai Jiao Tong Sukuupɔn Aduruyɛ Sukuu (RHEC2018-243) ho abrabɔ pa ho boayikuw no na ɛpenee nhwehwɛmu nhyehyɛe no so. Wonyaa pene a wɔakyerɛw a wɔde nimdeɛ ahyɛ mu ma fii wɔn a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu no nyinaa hɔ.
Wɔ January 2019 ne December 2022 ntam no, wɔde nnipa 109 (37 ET, 37 PD, ne 35 HC) a wofi Movement Disorder Center Clinic a ɛwɔ Ruijin Ayaresabea a ɛka Shanghai Jiao Tong Sukuupɔn Aduruyɛ Sukuu ho no kaa nhwehwɛmu yi ho. Nhwehwɛmu no ne: (1) mfeɛ 25–85, (2) wɔhunuu ayarefoɔ a wɔwɔ ET sɛdeɛ MDS Adwumakuo gyinapɛn 42 kyerɛ na wɔhunuu PD sɛdeɛ MDS gyinapɛn 43 kyerɛ, (3) na ayarefoɔ no nyinaa nnom nnuru a ɛko tia PD ansa na wɔatena nkongua so. nhwɛsode ahorow a wɔboaboa ano. (4) ET kuw no faa β-blockers nkutoo anaasɛ nnuru biara a ɛne no wɔ abusuabɔ ansa na wɔregye nsu a wɔde yɛ nsu. Wɔpaw HC ahorow a ɛne mfe a wɔadi, ɔbarima anaa ɔbea, ne nipadua mu duru (BMI) hyia nso. Nneɛma a wɔayi afi mu ne: (1) wɔn a wonni afifide, (2) aduan pa a wonnya nni, (3) yafunu mu nyarewa a enni sabea (a dwensɔtwaa mu yare a ɛyɛ hyew, yafunu anaa akyi berɛmo mu akuru ka ho), (4) nyarewa a emu yɛ den a enni sabea (a akisikuru bɔne ka ho), komayare, adwene a entumi nyɛ adwuma yiye, mogya mu nyarewa) (5) Yafunu mu nyarewa atitiriw ho abakɔsɛm oprehyɛn, (6) Yogurt a wɔde di dwuma bere tenten anaasɛ daa, (7) Probiotics anaa nnuru a ekum ɔyare mmoawa biara a wɔde di dwuma ɔsram 1, (8 ) Corticosteroids, proton pump inhibitors, statins, metformin, immunosuppressants anaa nnuru a wɔde ko tia kokoram a wɔde di dwuma bere tenten ne (9) adwene mu yare a emu yɛ den a ɛmma wontumi nyɛ nnuruyɛ mu sɔhwɛ ahorow.
Nnipa a wɔyɛɛ nhwehwɛmu no nyinaa de aduruyɛ ho abakɔsɛm, wɔn mu duru ne wɔn tenten ho nsɛm mae de buu BMI, na wɔyɛɛ wɔn ntini mu nhwehwɛmu ne ayaresabea nhwehwɛmu te sɛ Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) 44 dadwen nkontabuo, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 nkontabuo (HAMD-17) 45. adwenemhaw, akisikuru a emu yɛ den a wɔde Wexner Constipation Scale 46 ne Bristol dii dwuma Stool Scale 47 ne adwene mu adwumayɛ a wɔde Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) di dwuma 48 . Scale for the Assessment of Autonomic Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease (SCOPA-AUT) 49 hwehwɛɛ autonomic a ɛnyɛ adwuma yiye wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET ne PD mu. Wɔyɛɛ Fan-Tolos-Marin Clinical Tremor Rating Scale (FTM) ne Essential Tremor Rating Scale (TETRAS) 50 Wɔhwɛɛ Tremor Study Group (TRG) 50 wɔ ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET mu; wɔyɛɛ Kinson yare no ho nsenia a United Parkinson Yare Fekuw no boa (MDS- UPDRS) version 51 ne Hoehn ne Yahr (HY) grade 52 no mu nhwehwɛmu.
Wɔka kyerɛɛ obiara a ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ mu no sɛ ɔmfa ade a wɔde boaboa nsu mu nsu ano nnye nsunsuo nhwɛsoɔ anɔpa. Fa nkuku gu nsukyenee mu na fa sie -80°C ansa na woayɛ ho adwuma. SCFA nhwehwɛmu yɛɛ sɛnea Tiangene Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. 400 mg a ɛyɛ foforo fecal nhwɛsode boaboaa ano fii asɛmti biara mu na wɔde SCFAs yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ grinding ne pre-sonication akyi. Wɔde gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) ne liquid chromatography-tandem MS (LC-MS/MS) yɛɛ SCFA ahorow a wɔapaw wɔ nsu mu no mu nhwehwɛmu.
Wɔde QIAamp® Fast DNA Stool Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany) yii DNA fii 200 mg nhwɛsode ahorow mu sɛnea nea ɔyɛe no akwankyerɛ kyerɛ no. Wɔnam 16 S rRNA awosu mu abɔde a nkwa wom a wɔhyehyɛɛ no ​​nnidiso nnidiso wɔ DNA a wɔayi afi nsu mu denam V3-V4 mpɔtam hɔ a wɔmaa ɛyɛɛ kɛse no so na ɛkyerɛɛ mmoawa nketenkete a wɔwom. Sɔ DNA no hwɛ denam nhwɛsode no a wode bɛtu mmirika wɔ 1.2% agarose gel so no so. Wɔde amansan mmoawa mfitiaseɛ (357 F ne 806 R) ne anammɔn mmienu amplicon nwomakorabea a wɔasi wɔ Novaseq platform no so na ɛyɛɛ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification a ɛwɔ 16S rRNA gene no mu.
Wɔda nsakraeɛ a ɛkɔ so adi sɛ mfimfini ± standard deviation, na wɔkyerɛ nsakraeɛ a ɛkɔ so wɔ nkyekyɛmu mu sɛ akontabuo ne ɔha mu nkyekyɛmu. Yɛde Levene sɔhwɛ no dii dwuma de sɔɔ sɛnea nsonsonoe ahorow no yɛ pɛ hwɛe. Wɔde two-tailed t tests anaa analysis of variance (ANOVA) sɛ wɔkyekyɛ nsakraeɛ no sɛdeɛ ɛteɛ a, na nonparametric Mann-Whitney U tests sɛ wɔbuu normality anaa homoscedasticity nsusuiɛ so na ɛyɛɛ ntotoho. Yɛde beae a ɛwɔ receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) ase no dii dwuma de kyerɛɛ sɛnea model no yɛ adwuma wɔ diagnostic no mu na yɛhwehwɛɛ tumi a SCFA tumi kyerɛ nsonsonoe a ɛda ayarefo a wɔwɔ ET ne wɔn a wɔwɔ HC anaa PD ntam. Sɛ yɛbɛhwehwɛ abusuabɔ a ɛda SCFA ne ayaresabea mu den ntam no, yɛde Spearman nkitahodi nhwehwɛmu dii dwuma. Wɔde SPSS softwea (version 22.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) na ɛyɛɛ akontaabu nhwehwɛmu a wɔde nea ɛkyerɛ (a P bo ne FDR-P ka ho) sii hɔ sɛ 0.05 (afã abien).
Wɔde Trimmomatic (version 0.35), Flash (version 1.2.11), UPARSE (version 1.1.1756), mothur (version 1.33.3) ne R (version 3.6.3) software a wɔaka abom na ɛyɛɛ S ntoatoasoɔ 16 no mu nhwehwɛmu. Wɔde UPARSE yɛɛ 16S rRNA gene data a wɔannoa ho adwuma de yɛɛ operational taxonomic units (OTUs) a 97% yɛ pɛ. Wɔde Silva 128 na ɛkyerɛɛ taxonomies sɛ reference database. Wɔpaw generic level of relative abundance data no de yɛɛ nhwehwɛmu foforo. Wɔde linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size analysis (LEfSE) dii dwuma de yɛɛ ntotoho a ɛda akuw ntam (ET vs. HC, ET vs. PD) a α threshold yɛ 0.05 na effect size threshold yɛ 2.0. Wɔsan de abusua ahorow a ɛyɛ nyiyim a wɔde LEfSE nhwehwɛmu ahu no dii dwuma bio maa Spearman nkitahodi nhwehwɛmu a ɛfa SCFA ho.
Sɛ wopɛ nhwehwɛmu nhyehyɛe no ho nsɛm pii a, hwɛ Natural Research Report Abstract a ɛbata asɛm yi ho no.
Wɔde 16S a wɔde di dwuma nnidiso nnidiso ho nsɛm a wɔanhyehyɛ no asie wɔ Ɔman Asoɛe a Ɛhwɛ Abɔde a Nkwa Wom Ho Amanneɛbɔ So (NCBI) BioProject database (SRP438900: PRJNA974928), URL: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Traces/study/?acc= SRP438900&o. =acc_s% 3Aa na ɛwɔ hɔ. Nsɛm afoforo a ɛfa ho no wɔ hɔ ma ɔkyerɛwfo a ɔne no hyia no bere a wɔabisa no yiye, te sɛ nyansahu mu biakoyɛ ne adesua mu nsakrae a wɔne nhwehwɛmu adwuma a edi mũ yɛ. Wɔmma kwan mma wɔmfa data nkɔma nnipa foforo a yɛmpene so.
Open source code nkutoo a Trimmomatic (version 0.35), Flash (version 1.2.11), UPARSE (version 1.1.1756), mothur (version 1.33.3) ne R (version 3.6.3) a wɔaka abom, de nhyehyɛe a wɔahyɛ da ayɛ anaa ɔfã “Ɔkwan” di dwuma. Wobetumi de nsɛm foforo a ɛma emu da hɔ ama ɔkyerɛwfo a ɔne no hyia no bere a wɔabisa no yiye no.
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